2022-2023年考博英语-北京大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第16期

2022-2023年考博英语-北京大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Some economists fret that share prices are moving far _ companies earnings, to a degree scanty reminiscent of Japan in the late 1980s just before its crash.问题1选项A.ahead ofB.back ofC.independent ofD.abreast of【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。ahead of“在之前”；back of“在后面”；independent of“不受支配的”；abreast of“保持与并列”。句意：一些经济学家担心，股价公司盈利，这在一定程度上让人想起上世纪80年代末日本股市崩盘前的情景。可知前半句应表示“股票价格超过了公司盈利”。因此A选项符合题意。2. 单选题Brides are increasingly shunning summer weddings and getting married during winter _ to cut costs amid the economic gloom, figures suggest.问题1选项A.instead ofB.otherwiseC.insteadD.rather than【答案】C【解析】考查词义辨析。空格处词语需要修饰后面动词不定式，词性限制为副词。instead of“代替；而不是”是介词短语，A选项排除；otherwise“否则；另外”；instead“代替；相反”；rather than“而不是”。句意：数据显示，为了在经济低迷时期削减成本，越来越多的新娘避开夏季婚礼在冬季结婚。因此选项C符合题意。3. 单选题Helicobacter pylori is one of humanitys oldest and closest companions, and yet it took scientists more than a century to recognize it. As early as 1875, German anatomists found spiral bacteria colonizing the mucus layer of the human stomach, but because the organisms could not be grown in a pure culture, the results were ignored and then forgotten. It was not until 1982 that Australian doctors Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren isolated the bacteria, allowing investigations of H pyloris role in the stomach to begin in earnest. Over the next decade researchers discovered that people carrying the organisms had an increased risk of developing peptic ulcersbreaks in the lining of the stomach or duodenumand that H pylori could also trigger the onset of the most common form of stomach cancer.Just as scientists were learning the importance of H pylori, however, they discovered that the bacteria are losing their foothold in the human digestive tract. Whereas nearly all adults in the developing would still carry the organism, its prevalence is much lower in developed countries such as the U.S. Epidemiologists believe that H pylori has been disappearing from developed nations for the past 100 years thanks to improved hygiene, which blocks the transmission of the bacteria, and to the widespread use of antibiotics. As H pylori has retreated, the rates of peptic ulcers and stomach cancer have dropped. But at the same time, diseases of the esophagus including acid reflux disease and a particularly deadly type of esophageal cancerhave increased dramatically, and a wide body of evidence indicates that the rise of these illnesses is also related to the disappearance of H pylori.1. The authors primary purpose in writing this passage is to( ).2.Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?3.Which of the following would most probably follow the last sentence of this passage?问题1选项A.alter people to the harm of H pylori colonization of the stomachB.make people aware of the harm of eradicating H pylori from the stomachC.suggest that the benefits of eradicating H pylori from the stomach are not outweighed by the potential harm.D.call attention to the consequences of eradicating H pylori from the stomach.问题2选项A.Improvements in sanitation are a vital element in helping ward off peptic ulcers.B.People in the developing countries are not likely to contract esophageal diseases.C.Nowadays few people in the developed countries suffer from stomach cancer.D.Scientists have long recognized H pyloris important role in the stomach, but could do nothing about.问题3选项A.Furthermore, the disappearance of H pylori may be a sentinel indicating the possibility of other microbial extinctions as well.B.The possibility that this bacterium may actually protect people against disease of the esophagus has significant implications.C.However, there has been an unexpected rise in the incidence of a new class of diseases involving the esophagus.D.The rise of these diseases has occurred just as H pylori has been disappearing, and it is tempting to associate the two phenomena.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B【解析】1.主旨题。题干：作者写这篇文章的主要目的是为了_。文章第一段主要介绍了幽门螺旋杆菌的发现以及幽门螺旋杆菌与消化性溃疡的关系。第二段介绍研究发现食道疾病的增加与幽门螺旋杆菌的小时有关。作者旨在唤起人们对这种细菌的认识，因此D选项符合题意。2.判断推理题。题干：从文章中可以推断出下列哪个陈述？第二段第二句中提到“H pylori has been disappearing from developed nations for the past 100 years thanks to improved hygiene, which blocks the transmission of the bacteria”，说明由于卫生条件改善，幽门螺旋杆菌已从发达国家消失，因此A选项符合题意；在发达国家，幽门螺旋杆菌的携带率低，导致发达国家的食道癌患病率增加，但并没有提到发展中国家的人是否会患食道癌，因此排除B选项；第二段中说到“the rates of peptic ulcers and stomach cancer dropped”，下降不等于消失，因此排除C选项；科学家在研究幽门螺旋杆菌的重要性的同时，发现这种细菌逐渐丧失其在消化道中的位置，因此排除D选项。3.推理题。题干：下面哪个选项最有可能跟在这篇文章的最后一句话后面？本文的主旨是唤起人们对幽门螺旋杆菌的关注。因此接下来作者可能会想要着重说明这种细菌的作用，它可能致病，也可能有抵御疾病作用。因此B选项符合题意。4. 单选题In the age of Google, our minds are adapting（） we are experts at knowing where to find information even though we dont recall what it is.问题1选项A.so muchB.so thatC.such thatD.so what【答案】B【解析】考查逻辑关系。空格前后均有主谓结构，因此空格处应填连接词。so much“非常”不符合题意，可排除；so that“所以”，so是副词；such that“如此以致”，such是形容词；so what“那又怎样”常见于口语中。句意：在谷歌时代，我们的大脑正在适应我们是专家，知道在哪里可以找到信息，即使我们不记得它是什么。句意表达的是因果关系，因此选项B符合题意。5. 单选题commutation via the telegraph began in the 1840s, just before the Civil War, and via the telephone just afterward (1870s).问题1选项A.InstantaneousB.SpontaneousC.SimultaneousD.Instinctive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。instantaneous“瞬间的”；spontaneous“自发的”；simultaneous“同时的”；instinctive“本能的”。句意：通过电报进行的同时通讯始于内战前的19世纪40年代，后来（19世纪70年代）很快开始通过电话进行同时通讯。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题As the director cant come to the reception, Im representing the company _.问题1选项A.on his accountB.on his behalfC.for his partD.in his interest【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。on ones account“为了某人”；on ones behalf“代表”；for ones part“对某人来说”；in ones interest无此短语用法。句意：因为主管不能出席招待会，我代表他参加。因此B选项符合题意。7. 单选题Please put your empty cigarette packets and paper bags in the _ bins provided.问题1选项A.junkB.litterC.scrapD.deposit【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。junk“废物”；litter“垃圾”；scrap“残余物”；deposit“沉淀物”。Litter bin指“垃圾箱”，因此B选项符合题意。8. 单选题Many adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isnt the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brains ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest” sleep deprivation less than six hours and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. Youll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well. For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them. Its a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile” memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the minds long-term cache.1.According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”？2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?3.Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”？4.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?5.What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?问题1选项A.To sleep for an average period of time.B.To sleep deeply without dreaming.C.To sleep less than needed.D.To sleep modestly.问题2选项A.When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B.When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C.Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system,D.Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.问题3选项A.It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B.It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C.Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REMsleep.D.Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when yourbrain is waking up.问题4选项A.Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B.Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C.You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a nights sleep.D.Long-term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.问题5选项A.High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B.Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long-term memory.C.Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D.High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.语义题。题干：根据本文，“睡眠不足”指的是什么？文章第三段中“Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest” sleep deprivation less than six hours and reduced immune response”说明“modest”sleep deprivation指的是少于6小时的睡眠，而成人需要7-9小时的睡眠。因此C 选项符合题意。2.判断推理题。题干：根据第3段，下列哪个陈述是正确的？第三段最后一句“Youll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days”，别人生病后就会意识到多睡一小时的好处，对应B选项的内容。3.细节题。题干：为什么会有所谓的“睡眠瘫痪症”?第四段第三句中提到了“Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state”，可知“睡眠瘫痪症”发生在大脑从快速眼动周期唤醒时，身体仍保持不动状态，因此D选项符合题意。4.细节题。题干：根据最后一段，下列哪个陈述是正确的？最后一段最后一句提到“REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile” memories the brain creates throughout the day”表明大脑一天产生的记忆是脆弱的，需要睡眠帮忙巩固记忆。因此B选项符合题意。5.细节题。题干：睡眠不足对人的身心有什么影响？第二段提到“elevated blood pressure”；第三段提到“reduced immune system”;第四段提到“sleep paralysis”；最后一段提到“memory loss”，因此D选项符合题意。9. 单选题Three (1) years ago Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit made his (2) thermometer inhis home town of Danzig (Now Gdansk in Poland). The thermometer was filled with (3)and completely sealed, but it was not much use without some sort of (4) to measure thetemperature.One story (5) that, during the winter of 17081709，Fahrenheit took a measurementof 0 degrees as the coldest temperature outdoorswhich would now read as minus 17.8C. Fiveyears (6) he used mercury instead of alcohol for his (7) ，and made a top referencepoint by measuring his own body temperature as 90 degrees. Soon afterwards he became a glassblower, (8)_allowed him to make thinly blown glass tubes that could be marked up with more points on the scale and so (9)_accuracy.Eventually he took the (10) point of his temperature scale from a reading made in ice,water and salt, and a top point made from the boiling point of water. The scale was recalibratedusing 180 degrees between these (11) points and Fahrenheit was able to make much moreaccurate and more (12) measurements of temperature.But in 1742 a rival challenged the Fahrenheit scale and (13) superseded it. AndersCelsius, in Sweden, invented a scale of 100 degrees between the freezing and boiling points ofwater and gradually (14) over many countries. However, the British (15) wedded toFahrenheit until well into the 20th century.问题1选项A.thousandB.hundredC.decades ofD.hundreds of问题2选项A.initialB.finalC.firstD.last问题3选项A.alcoholB.mercuryC.sandD.salt问题4选项A.scaleB.measurementC.pointsD.degrees问题5选项A.saysB.rumorsC.concludesD.goes问题6选项A.agoB.beforeC.afterD.later问题7选项A.thermometersB.measurementsC.pointsD.degrees问题8选项A.therebyB.whichC.thatD.what问题9选项A.enlargeB.add upC.increaseD.promote问题10选项A.eldestB.lowestC.coolestD.deepest问题11选项A.threeB.fourC.twoD.dual问题12选项A.continuousB.continuantC.coherentD.consistent问题13选项A.eventuallyB.accidentallyC.surprisinglyD.fortunately问题14选项A.tookB.turnedC.broughtD.won问题15选项A.keptB.remainedC.maintainedD.sustained【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D第6题:D第7题:A第8题:B第9题:C第10题:B第11题:C第12题:D第13题:A第14题:D第15题:D【解析】（1）考查上下文语义。第二段第一句说到了时间“during the winter of 1708-09”，可知大约是“三百多年前”。因此B选项符合题意。（2）考查形容词辨析。initial“最初的”；final“最终的”；first“第一的”；last“最后的；最近的”。根据上下文可知这里表示“制作出了第一个温度计”。因此C选项符合题意。（3）考查上下文语义。第二段说到“he used mercury instead of alcohol”，由此推测他支座的第一个温度计内部是酒精。因此A选项符合题意。（4）考查名词辨析。scale“规模；刻度”；measurement“度量；尺寸”；point“要点；尖端”；degree“度数”。句意：但是如果没有记录温度的时没有用的。因此A选项符合题意。（5）考查固定搭配。表述“故事是这样讲的”时，常用“one story goes”。因此D选项符合题意。（6）考查上下文语义。上文提到了第一个温度计被制作出来，后续随着时间的迁移，温度计得以慢慢地完善。因此此处应指“五年后，他把温度计中的酒精换成水银”。因此D选项符合题意。（7）考查上下文语义。文章说的是温度计的发明。因此这里说就是thermometer“温度计”。因此A选项符合题意。（8）考查语法知识。空格前是一个完整结构的语句，且还有逗号，这里考查的就是非限定性定语从句，根据主从句结构可知此处应选which作关系代词。因此B选项符合题意。（9）考查词义辨析。enlarge“扩大”；add up“合计”；increase“增加；提高”；promote“促进”。根据空格后的词语accuracy“准确性”，可知与之相搭配额应为C选项。（10）考查上下文语义。后半句说到了“a top point”，可知此处应为相对的“lowest ”。因此B选项符合题意。（11）考查上下文语义。上一句提到“the lowest point”和“the top point”，可知为“two points”。因此C选项符合题意。（12）考查形容词辨析。continuous“连续的”；continuant“连续音的”；coherent“条理清楚的”；consistent“始终如一的”。句意：法伦海特就能够更精确、更地记录温度。此处选用的词语应符合“精确”这一含义，因此D选项符合题意。（13）考查副词辨析。eventually“最后”；accidentally“意外地”；surprisingly“令人惊讶地”；fortunately“幸运地”。句意：但是在1742年，一位竞争者挑战法伦海特的刻度，并且将其取代。根据下文可知，原来的刻度被取代了，因此A选项符合题意。（14）考查词组辨析。take over“接管”；turn over“移交”；bring over“把某人带回”；win over“说服；胜诉；把争取过来”。句意：最后很多国家开始采用这种刻度。说明争取到了很多多家的认可。选项D符合题意。（15）考查语法知识。wedded是形容词性，因此空格处缺少具有系动词。四个选项都与“保持”有关，但选项A、C和D都是实义动词，因此B选项符合题意。10. 单选题Experimental sciences, based on the observation of the external world, cannot aspire to completeness; the nature of things, and the imperfection of our organs,_.问题1选项A.are likely opposing itB.are opposed to it and the likeC.are alike opposed itD.are opposing it likewise【答案】B【解析】考查固定用法。be opposed to“反对”是固定用法，and the like“等等”。句意：实验科学是建立在对外部世界的观察基础上的，不能追求完备;事物的本质和我们器官的缺陷等等都与之相违背。因此B选项符合题意。11. 单选题The United Nations declared last Friday that Somalias famine is over. But the official declarationmeans little to the millions of Somalis who are still hungry and waiting for their crops to grow.Ken Menkhaus, professor of political science at Davidson College, said it was profoundly disappointing to be discussing another Somali famine, after he worked in the country during the 1991 - 1992 one. Each famine, he said, has distinct characteristics, and this one unfold in slow motion over the past couple of years. Thats at least partly because the Somali diaspora sent money home that delayed the worst effects.Menkhaus was among four experts on Somalia and famine who spoke at the Radcliffe Gym Monday evening and gathered for the event, “Sound the Hom: Famine in the Hom of Africa.” Paul Farmer, Kolokotrones University Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, drew on his experience treating malnourished people in Haiti，where he has worked for decade，and said the human and social context of home, and aid to families should be part of wearing the child, he said. Similarly, broader agricultural interventions and fair trade policies are needed to boost local agricultural economies.Though famine is often thought of as a natural disaster, Mondays speakers said that is a false impression. Though Somalia suffered through a severe drought, with todays instant communications, transport systems can move massive amounts of food. Given todays global food markets, famine is too often a failure of local government and international response.“In todays 21st-century world, just about everything about famine is man-made. Were no longer in a world of man against nature. ” said Robert Paarlberg, adjunct professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School.Ethiopia, which was also affected by the recent drought, fared much better this time because of reforms implemented after the 2001 one. Likewise, Paarlberg said, northern and central Somalia, regions that fall outside of the influence of the Al-Shabaab militia, also fared better. There were several man-made features of this famine, which affected more than 10 million people and killed between 50, 000 and 100, 000, half of them children under age 5.The largest man-made feature was the role of the Al-Shabaab militia that rules the region and that kept food aid from reaching those in need. But the international community isnt blameless. As early as November 2010, an international famine early warning system was predicting the failure of rains in the region, but the international community didnt respond fully until an official famine was declared in July 2011. On top of that, U. S. anti-terrorism laws cut off food aid because Al-Shabaab, listed as a terrorist group, was taking some of it.Though the United Nations has declared the famine over, that was based on statistical measures, such as the number of people dying each day and the number of children who are malnourished. Though the official famine may be over, both U. N. officials and Mondays speakers said the crisis continues for the people of Somalia. Almost a third of the population