2022-2023年考博英语-大连理工大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第34期

2022-2023年考博英语-大连理工大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题He attends to the （ ）of important business himself.问题1选项A.transactionB.transitionC.transmissionD.transformation【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。transaction “交易，业务”；transition “过渡，转变”；transmission “传送，播送”；transformation “转换”。句意：他亲自参与重要的商务会议。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题Wages for worker in the public（ ） of the economy dont always keep up with thosefor worker in the private one.问题1选项A.branchB.sectorC.portionD.section【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。Branch “分支”；sector “部门”；portion “部分”；section “部门”。句意：公有制企业中的工人的工资并不是总能赶上私有制企业工人的工资。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题The（ ） on this apartment expires in a years time.问题1选项A.treatyB.engagementC.leaseD.subsidy【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。treaty “条约”；engagement “约会；婚约”；lease “租约”；subsidy “津贴”。句意：这个公寓的租期一年后到期。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题Trees are a renewable resource that when managed properly can（ ）our needsindefinitely.问题1选项A.sustainB.retainC.maintainD.obtain【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。sustain “维持”；retain “保持”；maintain “维持，维修”；obtain “获得”。句意：树木是可再生资源，如果管理得当，它们无限期地满足我们的需求。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题Water enters into a great variety of chemical reactions,（ ） have been mentioned inprevious pages.问题1选项A.a few of itB.a few of thatC.a few of themD.a few of which【答案】D【解析】考查定语从句的用法。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词是chemical reactions, 所以应该用which 引导。选项D符合题意。6. 单选题It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you dont, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us howlittle we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that cant be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we cant think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.1.According to the author, really good science （ ）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century （ ）.3.Which of the following statements is NOT true of scientists in earlier times?4.What is the authors attitude towards science?5.The author believes that（ ）问题1选项A.would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century EnlightenmentB.will produce results which cannot be foreseenC.will help people to make the right choice in advanceD.will bring about disturbing results问题2选项A.thought that they knew a great deal and could solve most problems of scienceB.were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific researchC.knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about natureD.did more harm than good in promoting mans understanding of nature问题3选项A.They invented false theories to explain things they didnt understand.B.They falsely claimed to know all about nature.C.They did not believe in results from scientific observation.D.They paid little attention to the problems they didnt understand.问题4选项A.He is depressed because of the ignorance of scientists.B.He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties confronting it.C.He is confident though he is aware of the enormous difficulties confronting it.D.He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findings.问题5选项A.man can find solutions to whatever questions concerning nature he can think upB.man cannot solve all the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellectC.sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer themD.questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific research【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.文章第一段if it is really good science it is impossible to predict 提到真正好的科学不可能被预测，所以选项B符合题意。2.文章第二段It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment （启蒙运动）to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead提到如果我们中任何一个去告诉18世纪启蒙运动中那些最聪明的人，我们知道的很少并且前途迷茫，他们会对此表示惊讶。由此可知，这些科学家与我们的想法相反的，他们认为他们知道的很多，并且能解决很多问题，所以选项A符合题意。3.文章第二段In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps提到在早期我们要么假装知道事物的工作原理，要么忽视问题，或者简单的编造一些故事来填补空白。选项C符合题意。4.文章最后一段提到我们迟早会解决包括人类意识在内的所有我们能想到的问题，还表示只要我们坚持、专注，就能想到答案。可以看出作者是非常有信心的。选项C符合题意。5.文章最后一段there may well be questions we cant think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers 提到会有一些问题我们想不到，但是在我们的局限范围内，我们应该能够努力得到所有的答案，由此可知我们不能想到所有问题，但是可以解决能想到的问题，选项A符合题意。7. 单选题The Prime Minister refused to （ ）on the rumor that he had planned to resign.问题1选项A.explainB.commentC.remarkD.talk【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。explain “说明，解释”；comment “评论”；remark “评论”； talk “谈话”。句意：首相拒绝就关于他计划辞职的传言发表看法。选项B符合题意。8. 翻译题E-mail is now one the fastest ways to gain or lose potential customers because of the ability to deliver information fast to an enormous amount of people. After sending a small you are no longer in control of the effects of the message and can only wait in suspense.An employee of your company started off his/her day in a bad mood. A potential customer emails them with a trivial question and they reply with a brash （无礼的）tone. Do you think the recipient will use your company? On the Internet word travels fast. It takes me 3 minutes to send email to 50-100 people. Therefore your company can lose 100 current or potential customers with the brash email sent out by your employee. This can happen in a matter of minutes. Speaking from personal experience I sent out what I considered a helpful message concerning a version the Internet. One person thought it was quite annoying because they knew that some of these messages are merely hoaxes （恶作剧）. The message I received, without a doubt, shot lightning ballistic me. What did I do? I apologized. I visited their site to see what kind of business they were in all. I knew that if someone had ever asked me to give them information about products relating to what they sold, I would most likely say, do not use “this company”.I find that it is most helpful to search newsgroups for my company name to see if good or bad things are being said about me. Try searching for Microsoft or Netscape and see what results are presented to you. Remember newsgroups are simply meeting places on the Internet where people exchange information. Most people know that the best business comes from word of mouth or “word of email.”Back to the story. After I sent my apology I received a reply the next day stating that they were sorry for what they had said. Problem solved. I now do not have a problem recommending that company to a friend. On some occasion a brash answer is responded to with a blush reply. Those are the lucky ones. Be careful, there are many vindictive (报复性的) people will reply to brashness by breaking into your entire site and demonstrating how angry they are with you. I cannot and will not try to break into someones website but people who are more knowledgeable can and do.【答案】由于电子邮件可以迅速将信息发送给很多人，它也就成为了人们获得或失去潜在顾客最快捷的方式。在发送完信息后，你就无法再控制信息可能产生的效果，而只能在不安中等待。你公司员工在情绪低落中开始了一天的工作。一个潜在的客户因为一些琐事发了一封邮件给他们，而他们给予了无礼的回复。你认为收件者会选择你们公司吗？网络中消息传播很快。我需要三分钟的时间将邮件发给50-100个人。于是，因为你雇员一封无礼的邮件，你的公司可能在短短几分钟之类损失了100个现有或者潜在的客户。谈到我个人的经历，我就曾在网络上发送过一条关于电脑病毒的有益信息。有人认为这很讨厌，因为他们知道某些这类信息纯粹是恶作剧。毫无疑问，我收到的回信令我非常恼火。我怎么做的？我向他们道歉了。我访问他们的网站去了解他们从事的生意。我心里想如果有人向我了解他们所生产的产品信息，我会说：“别用这家公司。”我发现在网络上的新闻组中搜索我公司的名字来查看关于我的好话和坏话是最有效的方法。尝试去搜索微软或者网景，看看搜到的结果。记住新闻组织是人们交换信息的平台。大多数人都知道最好的商家产生于人们的口碑和“邮件”。回到刚才的故事。在收到我致歉的邮件后，第二天我收到了回信，称他们对他们所说的话感到抱歉。问题解决。我现在会把这家公司介绍给朋友。有时候，无礼的应答会得到愧疚的回复。那些人是很幸运的。但是要当心，有许多具有报复心的人会通过入侵你的整个网站来回应你的无礼并表达他们的愤怒。我不能，也不会去侵入他人的网站，但是那些懂得怎么侵入网站的人会这么做。9. 单选题The direction were so（ ） that it was impossible to complete the assignment.问题1选项A.ingeniousB.ambitiousC.notoriousD.ambiguous【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。ingenious “有独创性的”；ambitious “有野心的”；notorious “臭名昭著的”；ambiguous “模糊不清的”。句意：指示太模糊了，不可能完成这项任务。选项D符合题意。10. 单选题There are several landladies approved by the university who take in （ ）.问题1选项A.settlersB.lodgersC.residentsD.inhabitants【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。Settler “移居者”；lodger “房客”；resident “居民”；inhabitant “居民”。句意：大学批准了几位女房东接受房客。选项B符合题意。11. 单选题First we should exclude all facts and observations that are not （ ） to the investigation in question.问题1选项A.equivalentB.relevantC.similarD.inferior【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。equivalent “相等的”；relevant “相关的”；similar “相似的”；inferior “下等的”。句意：首先，我们应该排除所有与当下调查无关的事实和意见。选项B符合题意。12. 单选题Baltimore was founded in 1729. For a generation it seemed no different from a dozen other settlements springing up at the head of the Chesapeake Bay; its claim to distinction consisted of a black smiths shop, flour mill, and tobacco warehouse. Yet Baltimore was fated for a more dynamic future than its slow beginning seemed to portend. Spurred by an agricultural revolution in the Maryland and Pennsylvania country sides as well as dramatic disruption in the Atlantic economy, Baltimore at mid century began to boom. By 1790 it had risen to become the new republics, fourth largest city with aspirations to overtake the three still ahead: New York, Philadelphia, and Boston.Although the Baltimore of the Jeffersonian are looked “utterly unlike the colonial village from which it had emerged, the two shared more than might be apparent at first glance.” Baltimores economy had expanded tremendously, to be sure, but the same forces that sparked expansion around 1750 continued to sustain it fifty years later. Despite the establishment of new governments at the state level in 1776, national level in 1788, and municipal level in 1797, the same festering issues continued to convulse its politics. If Baltimore had become richer and bigger, its occupational structure, wealth distribution and residential patterns would have withstood the pressures of growth and looked about the same in 1790 as in 1812. In other words, the frenzied and seemingly chaotic pace of urbanization, Baltimore enjoyed a strong, element of stability for in 1812, no less than 1729, Baltimore was a pre-industrial town.1.In what year was Baltimore established?2.Which of the following was not one of the nations three largest cities in 1790?3.In line 13, the word “sparked” could best be replaced by which of the following?4.What level of government was established in 1788?5.Which of the following statements about the Baltimore of 1812 can be inferred from the passage?问题1选项A.1729.B.1750.C.1776.D.1788.问题2选项A.Philadelphia.B.Boston.C.New York.D.Baltimore.问题3选项A.BurnedB.Flickered.C.Led to.D.Discharged.问题4选项A.Municipal.B.Country.C.State.D.National.问题5选项A.It did not take the way the city did in 1790.B.It did not have many factories.C.It was not an enjoyable place in which to live.D.It could not grow any larger.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.文章第一句话指出Baltimore成立于1729。选项A符合题意。2.文章第一段最后一句提到fourth largest city with aspirations to overtake the three still ahead: New York, Philadelphia, and Boston，选项D符合题意。spark所在的句子是Baltimores economy had expanded tremendously, to be sure, but the same forces that sparked expansion around 1750 continued to sustain it fifty years later. 根据前后问，3.可推断spark 在句中有 “导致”的意思，所以选项C符合题意。4.文章第二段national level in 1788提到是在1788年建立了国家政府，选项D符合题意。5.文章指出在狂热的城市化进程中，Baltimore在十分安定的状态下度过。1812年的Baltimore和1729年一样，是个“前工业化的城镇”（In other words, the frenzied and seemingly chaotic pace of urbanization, Baltimore enjoyed a strong, element of stability for in 1812, no less than 1729, Baltimore was a pre-industrial town.）。选项B符合题意。13. 单选题It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”，the social sciences as “soft”, and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical system is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity of sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable.We are able to sample earths social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience. In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, or even if earths geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data come in and new theories are worked out. If we define the “security” of our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order for hardness and as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we learnt things as they were long age, are limited in the extreme.Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and insecure.1.The word “paradox” (Line 1, Para. 1) means “ （ ）”2.According to the author, we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences as “hard” and the social sciences as “soft” because（ ）.3.The author believes that our knowledge of social systems is more secure than that of physical systems because（ ）4.The chances of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are the biggestbecause（ ） .5.We know less about the astronomical universe than we do about any social systembecause（ ） .问题1选项A.implicationB.contradictionC.interpretationD.confusion问题2选项A.a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciences.B.our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systems.C.our understanding of the social systems is approximately correct.D.we are better able to investigate social phenomena than physical phenomena.问题3选项A.it is not based on personal experience.B.new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciences.C.it is based on a fairly representative quantity of data.D.the records of social systems are more reliable.问题4选项A.contradictory theories keep emerging all the time.B.new information is constantly coming in.C.the direction of their development is difficult to predict.D.our knowledge of the physical world is inaccurate.问题5选项A.theories of its origin and history are varied.B.our knowledge of it is highly insecure.C.only a very small sample of it has been observed.D.few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.paradox “矛盾，悖论”。implication “含义”；contradiction “矛盾，否认”；interpretation “解释”；confusion “混淆”。选项B符合题意。2.文章第二段第一句话we are able to sample earths social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated 提到我们能够在调查地球的社会体系时自信地认为我们有整个领域作为合理的样本供研究；该段倒数第二句话our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial records of biological systems提到我们对于天文领域的研究是最不靠谱的，因为我们观察的是一个不切实际的小样本。从这两句话可知，研究社会知识的样本比研究天文知识的样本要大并且实际，所以我们能更好地去研究社会现象，选项D符合题意。3.文章第二段第二句our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries 提到在社会体系中，它不太可能被新的发现严重颠覆。选项B符合题意。4.文章第二段in contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, or even if earths geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data come in and new theories are worked out 提到我们对于天文宇宙或者地球的地理历史的概念，当新的数据和理论进入时都很容易遭受革命性的变化，选项B符合题意。5.文章第二段our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial records of biological systems提到我们对于天文领域的研究是最不靠谱的，因为我们观察的是一个不切实际的小样本。选项C符合题意。14. 单选题It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you dont, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illumination piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment （启蒙运动）to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended t