考研考博-考博英语-中国人民解放军陆军装甲兵学院模拟考试题含答案27

考研考博-考博英语-中国人民解放军陆军装甲兵学院模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题When Sally _ the criminal _ her house, she screamed at the top of her voice because she didnt want _.问题1选项A.saw; enter; killedB.sees; enter, killingC.sees; entering; be killedD.saw; enter; to be killed【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. saw; enter; killed看见；进去；被杀 B. sees; enter, killing看见；进去；杀C. sees; entering; be killed看见；进去；被杀 D. saw; enter; to be killed看见；进去；被杀【考查点】时态和固定搭配。【解题思路】根据screamed可知，时间发生在过去，所以第一个空格填入saw，而saw sb. do sth.表示“看见某人做了某事”，所以第二个空格填入enter原形；want的搭配是want to do（想要做某事），she和kill之间是被动，故用to be killed，所以该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B项不符合语态；C项不符合搭配。【句意】当莎莉看到罪犯进入她的房子时，她声嘶力竭地尖叫起来，因为她不想被罪犯杀掉。2. 填空题Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer each question in English. Write down your answer on ANSWER SHEET.A language is a system of sounds, gestures, or characters used by humans to communicate their ideas and feelings. There are about 4,000 spoken languages in the world. Some are spoken by millions of people. Other languages have only a few speakers.All languages have rules for forming words and for ordering those words in sentences. In written languages, meaning is expressed through a system of characters and rules for combining those characters. In spoken languages, meaning is expressed through a system of sounds and rules for combining those sounds. Many deaf people use sign languages, in which gestures do the work of the sound system of spoken languages.Word order is more important in English than it is in some other languages, such as Russian. The sound system is very important in Chinese and in many languages spoken in West Africa.Languages are always changing, but they change very slowly. People invent new words for their language, borrow words from other languages, and change the meanings of words as needed. For example, the English word byte was invented by computer specialists in 1959. The English word tomato was borrowed from Nahuat, an American Indian language spoken in Mexico. The English word meat once referred to food in general.There are several major language families in the world. The languages in each family are related, and scientists think they came from the same parent family. Language families come in different sizes. The Austronesian family contains at least 500 languages, including Pilipino, Malay, and Maori. The Basque language, spoken in northern Spain, is the only member of its language family.The Indo-European language family contains 55 languages, including English, German, Spanish, Russian, and Hindi. Another language family is Sino-Tibetan, which includes Chinese, Burmese, and Tibetan. The Afro-Asiatic family includes Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic. There are about 150 American Indian languages spoken today. These languages have many differences and have been divided into more than 50 language families.People learn languages by listening, copying what they hear, and using the language. Most children learn their first languages easily, and sometimes other languages as well. Adults often must work harder at learning a second language.1. How many languages are spoken all over the world?2. What are the language rules for?3. How is meaning expressed in sign language?4. What is more important in English compared with other languages?5. Which language is the only member of its language family?【答案】1.About 4,000 spoken languages.2.Forming words and ordering those words in sentences.3.By gestures.4.Word order.5.The Basque language.【解析】1.【选项释义】1. How many languages are spoken all over the world? 1. 世界上有多少种语言？【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】第一段第二句提到“世界上大约有4000种语言”可知，答案为“大约4000种”。2.【选项释义】2. What are the language rules for? 2. 语言规则是什么？【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“所有的语言都有构词和排列句子的规则”可知，语言规则是“构词和排列句子”。3.【选项释义】3. How is meaning expressed in sign language? 3. 如何用手语表达意思？【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第二段最后一句“许多聋人使用手语，在手语中，手势起到了口语声音系统的作用”可知，聋人通过手势表达自己的意思。4.【选项释义】4. What is more important in English compared with other languages? 4. 与其他语言相比，英语中什么更重要？【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第三段第一句“词序在英语中比在其他一些语言中更重要，比如俄语”可知，英语中词序更重要。5.【选项释义】5. Which language is the only member of its language family? 5. 哪一种语言是其语系的唯一成员？【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第五段最后一句“西班牙北部使用的巴斯克语是该语系的唯一成员”可知，巴斯克语是其语系的唯一成员。3. 单选题The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest and _ to everyone.问题1选项A.speculationB.attributionC.utilizationD.proposition【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. speculation推测，猜测 B. attribution归因，属性C. utilization利用，使用 D. proposition提议，建议（尤指业务上的）【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】根据句意“英国的天气出乎预料，因此引起了大家的兴趣和_”可知，因为天气是难以预料的，所以这引起英国人的对天气的猜测，该题选择A项恰当。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】英国的天气出乎预料，因此引起了大家的兴趣和猜测。4. 单选题The directions were so _ that it was impossible to complete the assignment.问题1选项A.ingeniousB.ambitiousC.notoriousD.ambiguous【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. ingenious精巧的，新颖独特的 B. ambitious有野心的，有雄心的C. notorious声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的 D. ambiguous模棱两可的，含混不清的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据结果状语从句的内容“以至于不可能完成这项任务”可知，这个指示是不清楚的、模棱两可的，所以该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符句意。【句意】指示如此模棱两可，以至于不可能完成这项任务。5. 单选题Two thirds of the books _ sold out but only 10 percent of the income _ to me.问题1选项A.was; wereB.was; wasC.were; wasD.were; were【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. was; were是（单数）；是（复数） B. was; was是（单数）；是（单数）C. were; was是（复数）；是（单数） D. were; were是（复数）；是（复数）【考查点】主谓一致。【解题思路】第一个空格的主语是Two thirds of the books（三分之二的书籍），book是可数名词且用的是复数形式，所以第一个空格要填入were；第二个空格的主语是10 percent of the income（百分之十的收入），income是不可数名词，所以第二个空格填入was，该题选择C项恰当。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合主谓一致原则。【句意】三分之二的书卖完了，但只有10%的收入归我所有。6. 单选题He knew nothing about Beijing; he _ there.问题1选项A.mustnt have goneB.couldnt have goneC.mustnt have beenD.couldnt have been【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. mustnt have gone肯定没有去过 B. couldnt have gone不可能去过C. mustnt have been肯定没有去过 D. couldnt have been不可能去过【考查点】情态动词的用法。【解题思路】按照句意“他对北京一无所知；他_那里”可知，空格处表示对前文的推测，他对北京一无所知，也就是说他不可能去过那里，couldnt表示推测，been暗示旅程已结束，并已返回出发地，所以该题选择D项符合。【干扰项排除】A、C项mustnt表示“禁止”的意思，不符合句意；B项中的gone暗示旅程仍在进行中，未返回出发地，也不符合句意。【句意】他对北京一无所知；他不可能去过那里。7. 单选题In the past ten years skyscrapers have developed _ in Chicago and New York City.问题1选项A.homogeneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD.harmoniously【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. homogeneously同样地 B. simultaneously同时地C. spontaneously自发地，自然地 D. harmoniously和谐地【考查点】副词辨析。【解题思路】根据句意“在过去的十年里，摩天大楼在芝加哥和纽约_拔地而起”，四个选项中只有B项词义符合句意，该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】C项指自然发生的，非计划性的；A、D项不符合句意。【句意】在过去的十年里，摩天大楼在芝加哥和纽约同时拔地而起。8. 单选题Anyone not paying the registration fee by the end of this month will be _ to have withdrawn from the program.问题1选项A.contemplatedB.deemedC.acknowledgedD.anticipated【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. contemplated考虑，思量 B. deemed认为，视为C. acknowledged承认（属实） D. anticipated预料，预期【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据句意“凡在本月底前未缴纳报名费者将被_退出该课程”可知，be deemed to（被认为，被视为）符合句意，所以该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】凡在本月底前未缴纳报名费者将被视为退出该课程。9. 单选题The thieves fled with the local police close on their _.问题1选项A.backsB.necksC.toesD.heels【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. backs（人体或动物的）背部，背 B. necks颈，脖子C. toes脚趾 D. heels足跟，脚后跟【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】根据句意“小偷逃跑了，当地警察_”可知，警察对小偷是紧跟不舍，根据close可以推知空格处表示“紧跟”的意思，而on ones heels也是常用搭配，表示“紧跟”，所以该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B项不符合句意；C选项“toes”构成固定搭配on ones toes“警觉的；作好行动准备的”不符合句子逻辑关系，排除。【句意】小偷逃跑了，当地警察紧追不舍。10. 单选题Since the two countries couldnt _ their differences, they decided to stop their negotiations.问题1选项A.rectifyB.obscureC.reconcileD.oblige【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. rectify矫正，纠正 B. obscure使模糊；使隐晦C. reconcile使和谐一致；调解 D. oblige（以法律、义务等）强迫，迫使【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据句意“由于这两个国家的分歧无法_，他们决定停止谈判”可知，是因为分歧无法调解，所以会停止谈判，该题选择C项符合句意。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合句意。【句意】由于这两个国家的分歧无法调解，他们决定停止谈判。11. 单选题He decided to take _ golf to provide himself with some relaxation.问题1选项A.onB.overC.upD.with【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. on在之上 B. over关于，在上方C. up向上 D. with和在一起【考查点】介词辨析。【解题思路】按照句意“他决定_高尔夫球来放松一下”可知，空格处表示“打”，分析句子可知，空格处是填入一个介词与take搭配，而take up表示“开始从事”，在这里可以表示“开始打高尔夫”，所以该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A项take on表示“承担，呈现”；B项take over表示“接管，接收”；D项take with表示“将戴上”；都不符合句子逻辑。【句意】他决定开始打高尔夫球来放松一下。12. 单选题If I had seen the movie, I _ you all about it now.问题1选项A.would tellB.will tellC.have toldD.would have told【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. would tell将告诉 B. will tell将告诉C. have told已经告诉 D. would have told本将告诉【考查点】虚拟语气。【解题思路】根据had seen可知，从句表示对过去的虚拟，而主句用了now，可知主句是与现在事实相反，结构要用would/should/could/might + do，所以该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B项在虚拟语气中，情态动词不用will；C、D项不符合虚拟语气的语法。【句意】如果我看了那部电影，我现在就告诉你。13. 不定项选择题This dictionary is for people who want to use modern English. It offers accurate and detailed information on the way modern English is used in all kinds of communication. It is a useful guide to writing and speaking English as well as an aid to reading and understanding.This dictionary looks rather like most others if you dont look too closely. Actually it is quite new and different. The techniques used to compile it are new and advanced computer technology. For the user, the kind of information is different, the quality of information is different, and the presentation of the information is different.For the first time, a dictionary has been compiled by the thorough examination of a representative group of English texts, spoken and written, running to many millions of words. This means that in addition to all the tools of the conventional dictionary makerswide reading and experience of English, other dictionaries and of course eyes and earsthis dictionary is based on hard, measurable evidence. No major uses are missed, and the number of times a use occurs has a strong influence on the way the entries are organized. Equally, the large group of texts, called the corpus, gives us reasonable grounds for omitting many uses and word-forms that do not occur in it. It is difficult for a conventional dictionary, in the absence of evidence, to decide what to leave out, and a lot of quite misleading information is thus preserved in the tradition of lexicography.This dictionary makes a break with such traditions. We have gone back to basics and collected many millions of words, and put them into a very large computer, the dictionary team has had daily access to about 20 million words, with many more in specialized stores. The words came from books, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, leaflets, conversation, radio and television broadcasts. The sources are gratefully acknowledged on page xxii. The aim was to provide a fair representation of contemporary English.No set of texts, however large, can be fully relied on; all the time the information from the texts has been analyzed and appraised by a team of lexicographers, whose professional knowledge has also been used wherever there is only a small amount of evidence of the usage of a word or phrase.The quality of information in this dictionary is different from others. With our textual evidence it is possible to be precise about the shape of phrases and the extent of their variation; the relative importance of different senses of a word; and the typical environment in which a word or phrase is used. Even when statements like this are already familiar, they are made with a different kind of authority in this book.1. According to the passage, this dictionary differs from most others, except in _.2. This dictionary differs from a traditional one in that the compilers _.3. This dictionary does NOT claim to include _.4. In the passage, the author mainly emphasizes the difference in data _.5. The whole passage is _ the dictionary.问题1选项A.the use of advanced technologyB.the quality of informationC.the quality of printingD.the use of measurable evidence问题2选项A.collect relevant dataB.count word frequenciesC.read as widely as possibleD.refer to existing dictionaries问题3选项A.all the existing wordsB.frequently used wordsC.modern usage of wordsD.a wide coverage of words问题4选项A.collectingB.presentingC.preservingD.processing问题5选项A.a users guide toB.an introduction toC.a research essay onD.an advertisement for【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.【选项释义】1. According to the passage, this dictionary differs from most others, except in _. 1. 根据这篇文章，除了在_之外，这本词典不同于其他大多数词典。A. the use of advanced technology A. 在使用先进技术方面B. the quality of information B. 信息的质量C. the quality of printing C. 印刷质量D. the use of measurable evidence D. 使用可衡量的证据【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第二段最后两句“编写这本词典所使用的是新的和先进的计算机技术。对于使用者来说，信息的种类不同，信息的质量不同，信息的呈现方式也不同。”可知，这本词典在信息种类、质量、呈现方式以及编纂时使用的先进技术方面与其他词典不同；然后根据第三段第二句“这意味着，除了传统词典编纂者使用的所有工具外（包括广泛的英语阅读和经验，其他词典，当然还有眼睛和耳朵），这本词典还基于确凿的、可衡量的证据”可知，这本词典不同于其他大多数词典还在于其确凿的、可衡量的证据，只有C项“印刷质量”在文章中是没有提到的，所以该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A项“在使用先进技术方面”、B项“信息的质量”和D项“使用可衡量的证据”根据解题思路可知，这三项都是这本词典不同于其他大多数词典的地方，属于反向干扰。2.【选项释义】2. This dictionary differs from a traditional one in that the compilers _. 2. 这本词典与传统词典的不同之处在于它的编纂者_。A. collect relevant data A. 收集相关数据B. count word frequencies B. 计算词频C. read as widely as possible C. 尽可能广泛地阅读D. refer to existing dictionaries D. 参考的是现有的词典【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第三段二三句“这意味着，除了传统词典编纂者使用的所有工具外（包括广泛的英语阅读和经验，其他词典，当然还有眼睛和耳朵），这本词典还基于确凿的、可衡量的证据。没有遗漏任何主要的用法，并且一种用法出现的次数（the number of times）对词目的组织方式有很大的影响。”可知，与传统词典不同，这本词典除了使用传统词典编纂者使用的所有工具外，还基于大量确凿的证据，并且没有遗漏词汇的任何主要用法，而且其用法频率对编辑词目的结构有影响，也就是说这本词典计算了词汇的用法频率，但传统词典编纂者没有这样计算，故B项“计算词频”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“收集相关数据”和C项“尽可能广泛地阅读”根据解题思路可知，这两项都是这本词典与传统词典编纂者使用到的方法，属于反向干扰；D项“参考的是现有的词典”在原文没有提到，属于无中生有。3.【选项释义】3. This dictionary does NOT claim to include _. 3. 这本词典并没有声称包括_。A. all the existing words A. 所有现存的单词B. frequently used words B. 常用词汇C. modern usage of words C. 词汇的现代用法D. a wide coverage of words D. 广泛的词汇【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】定位至第四段的内容，根据第二三句“我们回到了基础，收集了数百万个单词，并把它们放进一个非常大容量的电脑里，词典编撰团队每天可以接触到大约2000万个单词，还有更多的单词在专门的储存库里。这些词汇来自书籍、杂志、报纸、小册子、传单、对话、广播和电视广播。”可知，这本词典收集了数百万个单词，这些词汇都是平常人们能够接触到、听到或用到的，包括书籍、杂志、报纸、电视广播等，也就是说这本词典包括了广泛的词汇，且词汇来自于人们日常中所接触到的事物中，综合理解推断这本词典包括广泛的常用词汇即它的现代用法，只有A项“所有现存的单词”在文中并没有提到，且该项表述太绝对，但符合题干。所以该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B项“常用词汇”、C项“词汇的现代用法”和D项“广泛的词汇”根据解题思路可知，这三项是这本词典声称包括的内容，属于反向干扰。4.【选项释义】4. In the passage, the author mainly emphasizes the difference in data _. 4. 在文章中，作者主要强调了数据_的差异。A. collecting A. 收集B. presenting B. 呈现C. preserving C. 保存D. processing D. 处理【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】第二段第三句指出“编写这本词典所使用的是新的和先进的计算机技术”可知，这本词典与传统词典不同的地方在于使用的是先进的计算机技术；接着第三段三四五句提到“没有遗漏任何主要的用法，并且一种用法出现的次数对词目的组织方式有很大的影响。同样，被称为语料库的大量文本给我们提供了合理的理由，可以省略许多不在其中出现的用法和词形。在缺乏证据的情况下，传统词典很难决定删去哪些信息，因此许多极具误导性的信息在词典编纂的传统中被保留了下来。”可知，这本词典使用的计算机技术能够计算词频，且省略了许多没有出现过的用法和词性，但传统词典却做不到这样；综合理解我们可以推断，作者在这里主要强调了这本词典与传统词典之间数据处理的差异，所以D项“处理”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“收集”，文中没有对比这本词典和传统词典收集数据的不同，该项曲解原文；B项“呈现”和C项“保存”在文中没有具体依据，属于无中生有。5.【选项释义】5. The whole passage is _ the dictionary. 5. 整篇文章都是词典的_。A. a users guide to A. 使用者指南B. an introduction to B. 介绍C. a research essay on C. 研究论文D. an advertisement for D. 广告【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】通读全文可知，前两段先介绍这本词典与其他词典的不同之处，后面四段主要讲述这本词典是如何使用可靠和确凿的文本证据，文章最后一句指出“即使像这样的陈述已经很熟悉了，但在这本书中，它们被赋予了不同的权威”；综合理解可知，整篇文章主要内容是介绍这本词典不同于其他传统词典之处，所以B项“介绍”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“使用者指南”，原文没有提到教我们如何使用这本词典，该项无中生有；C项“研究论文”，原文没有表达任何研究成果，通篇都是介绍这本词典的特别之处，该项无中生有；D项“广告”，原文并没有表达让读者购买这本词典的依据，该项无中生有。14. 单选题Im writing to you _ my brother who is ill in the hospital.问题1选项A.on behalf ofB.by the name ofC.in place ofD.in favor of【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. on behalf of代表 B. by the name of以为名；名叫C. in place of取代 D. in favor of有利于，支持【考查点】词组辨析。【解题思路】按照句意“我_我生病住院的兄弟给你写信”可知，我是代表我的兄弟写信，所以该选择A项符合句意。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】我代表我生病住院的兄弟给你写信。15. 翻译题2. Mobile phones have renewed the interpersonal relationships. There is usually a notice on the door of the meeting room, which reads, “Please turn off your mobile phones during the meeting!” Still, the meeting room invariably echoes with the mobile rings. Although we are all ordinary people with few matters of great urgency, we will not turn off our mobile phones unless absolutely necessary. Turning on the mobile phones is a symbol of our contact with the world. Mobile phones reflect our hunger for social communication, as can always be seen in a phone user who comes to a sudden halt on his way, staring at the screen of his mobile phone for texting regardless of whether he is in the middle of a road or by a public toilet.【答案】2. 手机刷新了人与人之间的关系。会议室门口通常贴着一条通告：请与会者关闭手机。可是会议室里的手机铃声仍然响成一片。我们都是普通人，并没有多少重要的事情。尽管如此，我们也不会轻易关掉手机。打开手机象征我们与这个世界的联系。手机反映出我们的“社交饥渴症”。最为常见的是，一个人走在路上突然停下来，眼睛盯着手机屏幕发短信，他不在乎停在马路中央还是厕所旁边。16. 单选题It is _ that women should be paid less than men for doing the same kind of work.问题1选项A.abruptB.absurdC.adverseD.addictive【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. abrupt突然的，意外的 B. absurd荒谬的，荒唐的C. adverse不利的，有害的 D. addictive使人上瘾的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据主语从句的内容“女人做同样的工作却得到比男人少的报酬”可知，做同样的工作，女人的报酬比男人的少，这是荒谬的，所以该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】女人做同样的工作却得到比男人少的报酬，这是荒谬的。17. 单选题While a full understanding of what causes the disease may be several years away, _ leading to successful treatment could come much sooner.问题1选项A.a distinctionB.a breakthroughC.an identificationD.an interpretation【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. a distinction差别，区别 B. a breakthrough重大进展，突破C. an identification鉴定，辨认 D. an interpretation理解，解释【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】根据while可知，这里是一个让步状语从句，意思是“尽管要完全了解这种疾病的病因可能还需要几年时间”，而主句提到“导致成功治疗的_可能会很快到来”，可推知空格处表示“突破性进展”，所以该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】虽然要完全了解这种疾病的病因可能还需要几年时间，但导致成功治疗的突破性进展可能会很快到来。18. 单选题Many years had _ before they returned to their original urban areas.问题1选项A.floatedB.elapsedC.skippedD.proceeded【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. floated浮动，漂流 B. elapsed（时间）消逝，流逝C. skipped蹦蹦跳跳地走 D. proceeded继续做（或从事、进行）【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据many years（许多年）可知，此处表示“时间的消逝”，所以该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】许多年过去了，他们才回到原来的城市地区。19. 单选题When the farmers visited the city for the first time, they were _ by its complicated traffic system.问题1选项A.evokedB.bewilderedC.divertedD.undermined【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. evoked引起，唤起（感情、记忆或形象） B. bewildered使迷惑，使糊涂C. diverted使转向，转移（某人）的注意力 D. undermined逐渐削弱（信心、权威等），使逐步减少效力【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据句意“农民们第一次进城时，他们被城市复杂的交通系统_”可知，他们是对城市复杂的交通系统感到困惑，所以该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】农民们第一次进城时，对城市复杂的交通系统感到迷惑不解。20. 单选题_ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.问题1选项A.ThatB.WhichC.AsD.It【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. That那个 B. Which哪个C. As作为 D. It它【考查点】非限制性定语从句。【解题思路】分析句子结构可知，主句结构完整，所以前半句为非限制性定语从句，修饰后面整个主句，空格处要填入一个引导词，而as引导非限制性定语从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾，所以该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A、D项不引导非限制性定语从句；B项引导非限制性定语从句不放在句首。【句意】众所周知，马克吐温是伟大的美国作家。