服务型制造：制造业崛起的必由之路毕业论文外文翻译

服务型制造：制造业崛起的必由之路工业化的发展，就是制造业不断崛起和壮大的历程。制造业是国民经济的物质基础和产业主体，是支撑一个国家从农业社会向工业社会转型的战略性产业。当前，制造业发展正呈现出一系列新的特点和趋势，尤其是在信息技术应用日益广泛和深入的背景下，全球制造业正在从“生产型制造”向“服务型制造”转变。中国提出加快推进信息化与工业化融合，这一融合的基础是产业融合，产业融合的关键是制造业崛起，制造业崛起的标志是从“生产型制造”到“服务型制造”的转变。服务型制造成为全球制造业发展新趋势从生产型制造向服务型制造转变是当前制造业发展的一个基本趋势。它在微观层面上表现为企业从生产型企业向服务型企业转变，在中观层面上表现为从制造业城市向服务业城市转变，在宏观层面上表现为服务型经济的形成。随着经济全球化的加剧，各国制造业产业分工逐步细化，跨区域的产业融合不断升级，制造与服务融合型企业迅速增加，服务型制造成为全球制造业发展的新趋势。当前全球制造业的服务化呈现出3种态势。一是制造业企业的产业价值链逐步由以产品为中心向以提供服务为中心转变。越来越多的制造企业不再仅仅关注产品的生产，而是将注意力逐步转移到产品的开发、改进、销售、售后服务以及回收等领域。企业不再仅仅提供产品，而是以提供产品、服务、支持、自我服务和知识的“集合体”为最终目标。生产企业加速从生产型制造向服务型制造转变。这个转变的过程大致经历以下3个阶段：第一阶段是以制造业为中心的工业化时代，此时制造与服务相互独立，生产型服务只是企业的内部活动；第二阶段是以制造业为主伴有服务业的后工业化时代，此时制造与服务共生互动，生产型服务逐渐市场化；第三阶段是服务业为主伴有制造业的服务型经济时代，此时制造与服务渐次融合。据德勤公司研究报告基于全球服务业和零件管理调研表明，在其调查的80家制造业公司中，服务收入占总销售收入的平均值超过25%；有19%的制造业公司的服务收入超过总收入的50%。二是制造企业提供的服务类型逐步多元化。根据对全球上市公司财务分析库(OSIRIS)中排名前50位的制造业企业的分析，可以将其提供的服务类型分为以下12种：1.咨询服务；2.设计和开发服务；3.金融服务；4.安装和实施服务；5.租赁服务；6.维护和支持服务；7.外包服务和运营服务；8.采购服务；9.知识产权和房地产；10.零售和分销服务；11.系统和解决方案；12.客运和货运服务。其中，最常见的服务产品包括设计和开发(21.92%)、系统和解决方案(15.70%)、零售和分销(12.18%)以及维护和支持(11.94%)服务。三是制造业服务化的水平与地区经济的发展程度呈正向相关。调查公司AndyNeely对全球13000家制造业上市公司提供的服务进行了研究，结果表明，发达国家制造业服务化的水平明显高于正处在工业化进程中的国家。美国制造与服务融合型的企业占制造企业总数的58%，芬兰的这一比值为51%、马来西亚是45%、荷兰是40%、比利时是37%。中国制造业的服务化进程相对落后，具备服务型制造能力的企业仅占所有企业的2.2%。这是中国制造业发展长期处于价值链低端的重要原因。推进我国制造业服务化的几点思考服务化是制造业发展的基本趋势，推进中国制造业服务化发展是实现我国工业由大到强的突破口，是加快信息化与工业化融合的重要内容，是建立现代产业体系的必由之路，对我国制造业发展具有重要现实意义。当前，要加快推进我国制造业服务化进程。一是树立制造与服务融合的产业发展观。工业化是人类社会由于货物和服务的商业性生产而引发的社会转型的历史过程，随着科学与技术的发展，工业化的内涵也在不断地发生变化。在信息化背景下，制造业和服务业之间的传统界限正在快速消失，传统制造业意味着有形产品的生产，但今天的消费者需要的则是将有形物和无形服务捆绑在一起的产品，要找到一种既不含服务活动也没有植入任何服务关系的制成品已非常困难，制造业和服务业的概念在某种程度上正妨碍着我们正确理解当代经济演进的趋势。在产业发展的大趋势下，中国新型工业化道路的实践需要人们树立制造与服务的融合发展观。新型工业化道路不仅仅是工业的发展道路，新型工业化道路也不仅仅是产业发展的道路。在制造业与服务业融合的大背景下，对于制造业发展的问题的判断、趋势的分析、规律的把握，以及政策的出台、规划的制定，需要从产业融合的角度出发，全面系统地分析问题和解决问题。二是把制造业服务化作为推进两化融合的重要任务。信息化是制造业发展的重要方向，是推进生产型制造向服务型制造转变的重要手段，也是两化融合的战略重点。工业和信息化部成立后明确指出，信息化具有覆盖面广、渗透性强、带动效应明显的优势，要从实际出发，找到制造业信息化的切入点。当前，制造业仍是全球竞争的战略重点之一，制造业价值链不断扩展和延长，产品愈来愈融生产和服务于一体，制造和服务之间的界限越来越模糊，以产品制造为核心的传统发展模式向基于产品提供综合全面的服务模式转变，并形成了服务型制造这一新的制造方式。在这一进程中，信息化发挥着重要的推动作用，信息技术与制造环节的融合日益深化，呈现出设计信息化、装备智能化、流程自动化、管理现代化的发展趋势，以及产品设计、客户定制、集成制造、市场营销、供应链管理、质量管理、测试认证、金融服务等方面的服务活动。制造业信息化的过程也是向服务型制造转型的过程，只有把握这一发展趋势，才能寻求到制造业信息化的突破口。三是把推进制造业服务化作为重大专项的重要内容。面对制造业服务化的趋势，包括发达国家在内的许多国家和地区加快组织推进制造业服务化工程。美国将制造服务化称为基于服务的制造(Service-basedmanufacturing)，从2002年开始，美国国家自然科学基金把针对服务工程的ESS项目(exploratoryresearchonengineeringtheservicesectors)作为重点领域，欧盟在第六框架(Frame-6)中把从事网络化环境下的协同设计与制造研究作为重点业务进行研究。日本将制造业服务化称为服务导向型制造SOM(Service-orientedmanu-facturing)，并开始资助相关智能制造系统方面的研究。面对全球制造业发展的新趋势，我国需要在国家中长期科技规划和制造业发展进程中，把推进制造业服务化作为一项重要内容全面部署。A service-oriented manufacturing: the only way for the rise of manufacturingThe development of industrialization, is a process of manufacturing rise and expansion. Manufacturing is the material foundation of the national economy and industry the main body, is to support a country from an agricultural society to industrial society transformation strategic industries. At present, the development of manufacturing industry is present a series of new characteristics and trends, particularly in the application of information technology under the background of increasingly extensive and in-depth, global manufacturing is from made in production to service-oriented manufacturing. China accelerate the informatization and industrialization fusion, the fusion is the basis of industrial convergence, industry integration is the key to the rise of manufacturing, the manufacturing of the rise of marks from made in production to service-oriented manufacturing.A service-oriented manufacturing become the new trend of development of the global manufacturingShift from production-oriented manufacturing to service-oriented manufacturing is a basic trend of current manufacturing industry development. Its performance in micro level from production-oriented enterprises to service-oriented businesses, for the enterprise at the medium level of transition from manufacturing to services city, at the macro level is the form of a service economy.With the economic globalization intensifies, the manufacturing industry division of labor gradually thinning, cross-regional industrial convergence of escalating, manufacturing and service enterprises increased rapidly, a service-oriented manufacturing become a new trend in the development of global manufacturing. The current global manufacturing value-chain presents three kinds of situation.It is a manufacturing enterprise of the industry value chain by centering on the products as the center to provide services. More and more manufacturing enterprises is no longer just focus on the production, but the focus gradually shifted to product development, improvement, sales, after-sales service and recycling, and other fields. Companies not only provide products, but to provide products, services, support, self service and the collection as the ultimate goal of knowledge. Production enterprises to accelerate the transition from production manufacture to a service-oriented. In the process of the transformation of the following three stages: the first stage is based on manufacturing center of the era of industrialization, the manufacturing and services are independent of each other, production-oriented service is enterprises internal activity; The second phase is mainly manufacturing services with the post-industrial era, the manufacturing and service the symbiotic interaction, production-oriented service market gradually; The third stage is the service industry is given priority to with manufacturing service economy era, the manufacturing and service gradually merge. According to deloitte research report based on the global services and parts management research shows that in the survey of 80 manufacturing companies, service income average more than 25% of total sales revenue; 19% of the manufacturing companys service revenue more than 50% of the total.The second is to provide service type gradually diversified manufacturing enterprises. According to the global financial analysis library (OSIRIS) of listed companies in the analysis of the top 50 manufacturing enterprises, the services it provides types can be divided into the following 12:1. Consulting services; 2. Design and development services; 3. Financial services; 4. Installation and implementation services; 5. Leasing services; 6. Maintenance and support services; 7. Outsourcing services and operational services; Purchasing services; 8. 9. The intellectual property rights and property; Retail and distribution services; 10. 11. The systems and solutions; 12. Passenger and freight services. Among them, the most common services including product design and development (21.92%), systems and solutions (15.70%), retail and distribution (12.18%) as well as the maintenance and support services (11.94%).Three is the level of service and manufacturing area was positively related to economic development level. Research firm AndyNeely services provided by the global 13000 manufacturing listed companies was studied, results show that the level of manufacturing service was obviously higher than that of developed countries are in the process of industrialization of the country. The blending of U.S. manufacturing and services companies accounted for 58% of the total number of manufacturing enterprises, a Finnish the ratio of 51%, Malaysia is 45%, the Netherlands is 40%, Belgium is 37%. Process of service of Chinas manufacturing industry is relatively backward, with a service-oriented manufacturing capabilities of enterprises accounted for only 2.2% of all enterprises.This is Chinas important reason for the value chain of low-end manufacturing development are in a long time.Some thoughts on Chinas manufacturing industry as a serviceService is the basic trend of manufacturing industry development, promote the development of Chinas manufacturing service is to realize the breakthrough for the development of our country industry from large to strong, is to accelerate the important content of informatization and industrialization fusion, is the only way to establish modern industrial system, the development of manufacturing industry of our country has important practical significance. At present, to accelerate the process of service industry in our country.One is to set up manufacturing and service integration of industry development.Industrialization is the human society due to the commercial production of goods and services as a result of the historical process of social transformation, with the development of science and technology, the connotation of industrialization is in constant change.Under the background of informatization, the traditional boundaries between manufacturing and services is rapidly disappearing, the traditional manufacturing means a tangible products, but todays consumers demand are the tangible and intangible services bundled together in the product, to find a kind of both neither contain nor service activities into any service of manufactured goods is very difficult, the concept of manufacturing and service sectors to some extent are hindering our correct understanding of the trend of the contemporary economic evolution.Under the trend of industry development, the practice of Chinas new industrialization road need people to set up manufacturing and service development. A new road to industrialization is not only industrial development path, a new road to industrialization development path is not merely a industry. In the backdrop of the manufacturing and services integration, for the development of the manufacturing problem of judge, trend analysis, grasp the rules, as well as the establishment of policy, planning, from the perspective of industrial convergence, comprehensively systematically to analyze and solve problems.combination of service.The second is the manufacturing industry as an important task of promoting two Informationization is the important direction of manufacturing industry, is an important means of production manufacturing to service-oriented manufacturing shift, and combination of strategic focus.Clear after founding the ministry of industry and information technology, the informationization has wide coverage, strong permeability, driving effects obvious advantages, from set out actually, find the breakthrough point of the manufacturing informatization. At present, the manufacturing industry is still one of the strategic focus of global competition, manufacturing expanded and extended value chain, the product becomes more and more of unity of production and service, has become increasingly blurred the boundaries between manufacturing and services, product manufacturing as the core of traditional development mode change to provide comprehensive services to based on product model, and formed a service-oriented manufacturing a new way of manufacture.In this process, information plays an important role, information technology and manufacturing integration deepening, presents the design information, intelligent equipment, process automation, the development trend of management modernization, as well as product design, customized, integrated manufacturing, marketing, supply chain management, quality management, testing, certification services, financial services, etc. The process of manufacturing informatization is transforming to a service-oriented manufacturing process, only grasp the development trend, can seek to breakthrough for the development of manufacturing industry informatization.Three is to put the advance manufacturing service as the important content of major projects.Facing the trend of manufacturing industry as a service, including developed countries, many countries and regions to speed up the service organization to promote manufacturing engineering.The United States will manufacture Service called based on Service (Service - basedmanufacturing), beginning in 2002, the national natural science foundation of ESS for Service engineering project (exploratoryresearchonengineeringtheservicesectors) as key areas, the European Union in the sixth Frame (Frame - 6) engaged in the study of networked environment of collaborative design and manufacturing business as the key for research.Japan will manufacturing Service called Service oriented manufacturing SOM (Service - orientedmanu - facturing), and started funding the related research on intelligent manufacturing system.Facing the new trend in the development of global manufacturing, the country needs in the national medium and long-term science and technology development planning and manufacturing process, to promote manufacturing industry as an important content of service comprehensive deployment.