毕业论文（设计）永磁同步发电机与Boost 斩波型变换器非线性速度控制39440

第20卷第3期石健将等 一种输入端自然均流/高电压增益组合式变换器研究151. 作者工作单位（高校要到院系一级，包括所在城市和邮编 2. 字体采用10号仿宋_GB2312空格分隔，单倍行距作者姓名1. 作者姓名2. 字体采用楷体_GB2312四号居中，空格分隔，单倍行距字体采用仿宋_GB2312 10号，单倍行距，首行缩进2字符，两端对齐，左右缩进2字符。中文摘要为独立于正文的文字，应包括目的、方法、主要结果、主要结论等内容，且用是第三人称写法。摘要篇幅为300字左右。中文标题小一号黑体，居中，段前1行，段后0.8行，单倍行距永磁同步发电机与Boost斩波型变换器非线性速度控制耿 强1 夏长亮1, 2（1. 天津工业大学电工电能新技术天津市重点实验室 天津 3003872. 天津大学电气与自动化工程学院 天津 300072）摘要 直驱式永磁同步风电系统电机侧变换器的一种常见拓扑结构为二极管整流桥后接Boost斩波电路。此结构具有较强的非线性，采用普通PI控制器很难使系统在正常运行范围内保持较好的动态性能。中文关键词（48个）字体采用仿宋_GB2312 10号，单倍行距 空格分隔，首行缩进2字符，左右缩进2字符关键词：表贴式永磁同步发电机 Boost斩波电路 输入- 输出反馈线性化 最优控制理论中图分类号：TM315四号Times New Roman加粗字体，居中排，单倍行距Nonlinear Speed Control for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and the Boost-Chopper Converter10号Times New Roman字体，斜体，居中排，单倍行距Geng Qiang1 Xia Changliang1, 2（1.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China2. Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China）10号Times New Roman字体，居中排Abstract A diode bridge rectifier followed by a boost chopper circuit is a common topology of the generator side converter for a direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind energy conversion system(WECS). Owing to its strong nonlinearity, it is difficult for the system to maintain good dynamic performance within a normal operating range under the ordinary proportional-integral(PI) controller. Keywords：Surface permanent magnet synchronous generator (SPMSG), Boost chopper circuit, input-output feedback linearization (IOFL), optimal control theory二级标题黑体小四，左对齐，段前8pt，段后8pt，单倍行专业好文档1 引言近年来随着风力发电技术的快速发展，风能在能源中所占的比重也迅速上升。1996年2006年的十年间，全球风电装机容量年平均增速为28.6%，截止到2007年末，全球风电装机总容量已接近94 000MW1。直驱式永磁风力发电系统具有噪声小、可靠性高和维护成本低等优点2。6号宋体，左对齐直驱式永磁风力发电系统中一种常见的拓扑结构如图1所示3，其电机侧变换器由二极管整流桥和Boost斩波电路组成，为叙述方便，文中将此结构称为Boost斩波型变换器。图1 Boost斩波型直驱式永磁风电系统拓扑结构图 国家自然科学基金重点资助项目（51037004），国家自然科学基金（51077097）和天津市科技支撑计划重点资助项目（10ZCKFGX02800）。收稿日期 2011-04-22 改稿日期 2011-08-10Fig.1 Topology of the direct driven PMSG-based windenergy conversion system with boost-chopper converter图1中，uA、uB、uC分别为发电机定子端电压；uo为二极管整流桥输出电压；iL为电感电流；udc为直流侧电压；L为Boost电路升压电感；S1为Boost电路功率器件；C为直流侧电容。图说小五号宋体，居中排，单倍行距与三相桥式全控变换器相比，Boost斩波型变换器成本较低，结构较为简单，系统可靠性较高，并能在一定风速范围内实现最大风能捕获，很多学者已经对此类变换器进行了研究4-6。表头用小五号黑体，居中排表文用六号宋体永磁同步发电机、二极管整流桥和Boost斩波电路均具有较强的非线性，目前的控制策略多为普通的比例积分（Proportional-Integral，PI）控制4-7。普通PI控制器具有设计简单和适用性好等特点，但其是基于目标误差的控制器，仅考虑了系统在某一运行状态附近的稳态模型，忽略了其瞬态特性，因而具有动态响应较慢的缺点；且非线性系统的PI参数难于整定，很多参数通过经验和试算得到，这给实际应用带来了一定难度。反馈线性化是一种较为常见的非线性控制方法，其核心思想是通过状态反馈和非线性变换将非线性系统代数地转换为全部或部分的线性系统，从而可以应用比较成熟的线性系统控制方法。由于在转换过程中并没有采用线性逼近的方法，即没有忽略高阶非线性项，因此该方法精确度较高。反馈线性化已广泛应用于电力电子8-11、电机控制12-14和分布式发电15等多个领域。在现有的基础上，以表贴式永磁同步发电机（Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator，SPMSG）为研究对象，首先根据二极管整流桥的换相点，将发电机每个电气周期分为6个区间，在每个区间内对发电机和Boost斩波电路进行整体非线性建模；然后分区间利用输入-输出反馈线性化方法将非线性系统转换为线性系统；最后根据线性最优控制原理对变换后的线性系统设计转速控制器，使系统具有良好的动态和稳态性能。三级标题用10号黑体，左对齐，单倍行距2 系统数学模型2.1 SPMSG数学模型SPMSG等效电路及空间矢量图如图2所示，图中，eA、eB、eC分别为发电机定子相反电动势；iA、iB、iC分别为发电机定子相电流；Ls为发电机定子等效相电感；Rs为发电机定子等效相电阻；yPM为发电机转子磁链；we和qe分别为发电机转子电气角速度和电气角位置；A、B、C为三相静止坐标系，其方向为发电机定子绕组空间轴线方向；d、q为空间旋转坐标系，以角速度we逆时针旋转；yPM与d轴重合。（a）SPMSG等效电路 （b）空间矢量图图2 SPMSG等效电路和空间矢量图Fig.2 The equivalent circuit and space vector diagram of SPMSG在发电机每个电气周期内，二极管整流桥具有6个换相点。忽略换相续流过程，将A相和B相同时导通且电流由A相流向B相的区间称为AB区间，则每个电气周期可依次分为AB、AC、BC、BA、CA和CB共6个区间，每个区间内的电压及电流关系见表1。表1 不同区间内电压电流关系Tab.1 The relationship between voltages and currents in different intervals区间u0iAiBiCABuA-uBiL-iL0ACuA-uCiL0-iLBCuB-uC0iL-iLBAuB-uA-iLiL0CAuC-uA-iL0iLCBuC-uB0-iLiL以AB区间为例，由式（1）、式（4）和表1整理可得 （5）由式（2）、式（3）和表1整理可得 （6）3 非线性速度控制器设计3.1 单区间仿射非线性系统标准型实际系统中，系统采样频率为发电机电气频率100倍以上，因此可将发电机电气角位置看作缓慢变化的常量。以AB区间为例，将发电机电气角速度和电感电流看作状态变量，以占空比为输入变量，以发电机电气角速度为输出变量，作如下变量替换 （7）5 结论针对由表贴式永磁同步发电机、二极管整流桥和Boost斩波电路组成的强非线性系统，分区间建立了整体非线性数学模型，并在单区间内采用输入-输出反馈线性化方法将非线性系统转换为线性系统，在此基础上设计了转速线性最优控制器。该设计方法的数学转换过程较为简单，虽然涉及较多参数，但大部分参数可以预先计算；线性最优控制器的设计理论较为成熟，系统参数整定方法较为简单，且不同区间内控制器的参数相同。参考文献1Xia Changliang, Song Zhanfeng. Wind energy in China: current scenario and future perspectivesJ. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13(8): 1966-1974. 2Zhang S, Tseng King Jet, Vilathgamuwa D M, et al. Design of a robust grid interface system for PMSG-based wind turbine generatorsJ. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2011, 58(1): 316-328.3胡书举, 李建林, 许洪华. 永磁直驱风电系统变流器拓扑分析J. 电力自动化设备, 2008, 28(4): 77-81. Hu Shuju, Li Jianlin, Xu Honghua. Analysis of converter configuration for direct-drive wind power system with PMSGJ. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2008, 28(4): 77-81. 作者简介耿 强 男，1978年生，博士，讲师，研究方向为风力发电机系统及其控制。夏长亮 男，1968年生，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为电机系统及其控制。作者姓名 性别，出生年，学历，职务，研究方向参考文献小五号字，左对齐应选择最近5年的论文且按文中出现的先后次序排列，在引用文句后的右上角标明参考文献序号，参考文献10篇以上。书类：序号 作者.书名.版次.出版地：出版者，出版年.期刊类：序号 作者.论文题目.期刊名.出版年，卷（期）：起止页Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.