有关中节的由来与传说

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有关中秋节的由来与传说中秋节有悠久的历史,和其它传统节日一样,也是慢慢发展形成的,古代帝王有春天祭日,秋天祭月的礼制,早在周礼一书中,已有“中秋”一词的记载。后来贵族和文人学士也仿效起来,在中秋时节,对着天上又亮又圆一轮皓月,观赏祭拜,寄托情怀,这种习俗就这样传到民间,形成一个传统的活动,一直到了唐代,这种祭月的风俗更为人们重视,中秋节才成为固定的节日,唐书?太宗记记载有“八月十五中秋节”,这个节日盛行于宋朝,至明清时,已与元旦齐名,成为我国的主要节日之一。 中秋节的传说是非常丰富的,嫦娥奔月,吴刚伐桂,玉兔捣药之类的神话故事流传甚广。中秋传说之一嫦娥奔月相传,远古时候天上有十日同时出现,晒得庄稼枯死,民不聊生,一个名叫后羿的英雄,力大无穷,他同情受苦的百姓,登上昆仑山顶,运足神力,拉开神弓,一气射下九个多太阳,并严令最后一个太阳按时起落,为民造福。后羿因此受到百姓的尊敬和爱戴,后羿娶了个美丽善良的妻子,名叫嫦娥。后羿除传艺狩猎外,终日和妻子在一起,人们都羡慕这对郎才女貌的恩爱夫妻。不少志士慕名前来投师学艺,心术不正的蓬蒙也混了进来。一天,后羿到昆仑山访友求道,巧遇由此经过的王母娘娘,便向王母求得一包不死药。据说,服下此药,能即刻升天成仙。然而,后羿舍不得撇下妻子,只好暂时把不死药交给嫦娥珍藏。嫦娥将药藏进梳妆台的百宝匣里,不料被小人蓬蒙看见了,他想偷吃不死药自己成仙。三天后,后羿率众徒外出狩猎,心怀鬼胎的蓬蒙假装生病,留了下来。待后羿率众人走后不久,蓬蒙手持宝剑闯入内宅后院,威逼嫦娥交出不死药。嫦娥知道自己不是蓬蒙的对手,危急之时她当机立断,转身打开百宝匣,拿出不死药一口吞了下去。嫦娥吞下药,身子立时飘离地面、冲出窗口,向天上飞去。由于嫦娥牵挂着丈夫,便飞落到离人间最近的月亮上成了仙。傍晚,后羿回到家,侍女们哭诉了白天发生的事。后羿既惊又怒,抽剑去杀恶徒,蓬蒙早逃走了,后羿气得捶胸顿足,悲痛欲绝,仰望着夜空呼唤爱妻的名字,这时他惊奇地发现,今天的月亮格外皎洁明亮,而且有个晃动的身影酷似嫦娥。他拼命朝月亮追去,可是他追三步,月亮退三步,他退三步,月亮进三步,无论怎样也追不到跟前。后羿无可奈何,又思念妻子,只好派人到嫦娥喜爱的后花园里,摆上香案,放上她平时最爱吃的蜜食鲜果,遥祭在月宫里眷恋着自己的嫦娥。百姓们闻知嫦娥奔月成仙的消息后,纷纷在月下摆设香案,向善良的嫦娥祈求吉祥平安。 从此,中秋节拜月的风俗在民间传开了。中秋传说之二吴刚折桂关于中秋节还有一个传说:相传月亮上的广寒宫前的桂树生长繁茂,有五百多丈高,下边有一个人常在砍伐它,但是每次砍下去之后,被砍的地方又立即合拢了。几千年来,就这样随砍随合,这棵桂树永远也不能被砍光。据说这个砍树的人名叫吴刚,是汉朝西河人,曾跟随仙人修道,到了天界,但是他犯了错误,仙人就把他贬谪到月宫,日日做这种徒劳无功的苦差使,以示惩处。李白诗中有“欲斫月中桂,持为寒者薪”的记载。中秋传说之三朱元璋与月饼起义中秋节吃月饼相传始于元代。当时,中原广大人民不堪忍受元朝统治阶级的残酷统治,纷纷起义抗元。朱元璋联合各路反抗力量准备起义。但朝庭官兵搜查的十分严密,传递消息十分困难。军师刘伯温便想出一计策,命令属下把藏有“八月十五夜起义”的纸条藏入饼子里面,再派人分头传送到各地起义军中,通知他们在八月十五日晚上起义响应。到了起义的那天,各路义军一齐响应,起义军如星火燎原。很快,徐达就攻下元大都,起义成功了。消息传来,朱元璋高兴得连忙传下口谕,在即将来临的中秋节,让全体将士与民同乐,并将当年起兵时以秘密传递信息的“月饼”,作为节令糕点赏赐群臣。此后,“月饼”制作越发精细,品种更多,大者如圆盘,成为馈赠的佳品。以后中秋节吃月饼的习俗便在民间流传开来。故宫因何祸事连连?2011-08-08 03:02:00| 分类: 写给大家 |字号 订阅受CCTV文化正午栏目邀请,去谈故宫,关于最近频发的事故。前几天还在另一节目里夸故宫的房子建得好。按说,在万恶的封建社会,劳动人民天天被统治阶级压榨,为他们盖房子应该往豆腐渣方向努力,没成想建成了屹立数百年的奇伟建筑杰作,连下水系统都那么实诚。不像新社会那按抵御一年几遇洪涝灾害胡乱修的管道,下点雨就将号称国际化的北京给变成海。按说有这么牢靠的宫墙护佑,故宫的管理者应该珍惜,为这个首屈一指的文物保护单位争光。谁料连出祸事先是毛贼轻松盗走展出文物,再说就是给破案的警察送了一面有错别字、疑似诽谤人家的锦旗,后由于将宫殿变会所被CCTV主持人芮成钢带着网友狂批。好不热闹。幸好郭美美看不下去了,便在网上炫富,成功地将大家的视线转移到了红十字会身上,后来又有假洋鬼子家具达芬奇、被遣返的走私犯赖昌星、夺命40条的动车帮忙,故宫终获消停。谁料又爆出科研人员毁掉国家一级文物的恶心事。成功地将媒体的注意力再度集中到自己身上。被毁的一级文物是宋代哥窑代表作品青釉葵瓣口盘,由于科研人员的错误操作,从一个变成了六瓣。表面上看,这暴露出操作者责任心不强、工作不细心等问题,而且一个人操作也违反了相关规定,背后也暴露出故宫存在着相当程度的管理混乱。没成想这件事调查尚无结果,又陷“私自拍卖五件馆藏珍品”质疑。全国人民去趟故宫不容易,不仅要支付昂贵的门票,还不能尽览所有馆藏的宝贝,连续出了这么多事,自然对管理者的能力产生了怀疑,进而展开严厉声讨。按理说,世界各大博物馆几乎都出过这样那样的问题,以巴黎卢浮宫为例,连镇馆之宝达芬奇不朽名画蒙娜丽莎都被偷过,而且以商养博也是国际惯例,卢浮宫里各类商店云集,也没像故宫开个星巴克就被公众当成美帝文化入侵那样痛斥。不同的是,故宫总是在出事后身陷被动挨打远不如国外博物馆主动坦诚公开。所谓态度决定一切。不断留下隐瞒真相的恶劣印象后,公众逐步失去了对故宫管理者的信任和耐心。愤怒和怀疑的浪潮将其逼至百口莫辩的墙角。表面看是故宫方危机公关能力的低下,总是用更大的错误来解决上一次错误。其积累的声誉逐步透支,在舆论面前,整个庞大的系统变成了那只易碎的宋代哥窑瓷瓶,显得不堪一击。说故宫的所有管理者都失去了对国宝的敬畏之心,显然过于武断。核心的症结也不在管理缺陷和部分员工的素质。众所周知,故宫是文化部下属的副部级事业单位,享受全额财政拨款。整个管理体制以行政化为主导构建,本事就与公众之间竖立着一座天然的高墙,除了有关部门,没有人清晰地知道那里的管理系统如何运行。即使出了问题,按照正常程序也会在系统内解决,而缺乏应对公众和媒介的经验,平时即使发生接触,也无非像政府机关一样,去宣示自己在为人民保护文物方面做出了多么巨大的贡献。尽管中国目前有关于文物事故处理的相关法规,也有政府信息公开条例等约束,但结合当前权大于法的沉疴严重,故宫也缺乏主动与公众沟通的动力和能力。于是,在信息严重不对称的背景下:故宫在暗箱之中进行着大事化小小事化了的善后,公众在不知情的状态下进行着最坏结果的猜测。循环往复且永无交集。在过去漫长的岁月中,故宫属于皇权,新中国成立后确立了公共文化场所地位,但由于落后的管理体制,改革开放33年后依旧没有真正属于公众。有人说,故宫摔碎的不只是一个宋代的盘子,而是现代社会应有的开放与文明。所幸现在社会管理创新大步突进,事业单位改革全面提速,都为故宫真正回归人民怀抱提供了绝佳的机遇。只有在此基础上,健全内部制度、实现科学管理,重塑公众信任才有了操作的可能。否则,事故不断的故宫要想走出困境,只有一条出路:所有人都是故宫的脊梁,打死也不自揭家丑,可惜深喉又不断涌现缺乏监督约束的权力只会导致内耗频仍,家丑四溢。QcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3P 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HhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30
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