有关中节的由来与传说

有关中秋节的由来与传说中秋节有悠久的历史，和其它传统节日一样，也是慢慢发展形成的，古代帝王有春天祭日，秋天祭月的礼制，早在周礼一书中，已有“中秋”一词的记载。后来贵族和文人学士也仿效起来，在中秋时节，对着天上又亮又圆一轮皓月，观赏祭拜，寄托情怀，这种习俗就这样传到民间，形成一个传统的活动，一直到了唐代，这种祭月的风俗更为人们重视，中秋节才成为固定的节日，唐书?太宗记记载有“八月十五中秋节”，这个节日盛行于宋朝，至明清时，已与元旦齐名，成为我国的主要节日之一。 中秋节的传说是非常丰富的，嫦娥奔月，吴刚伐桂，玉兔捣药之类的神话故事流传甚广。中秋传说之一嫦娥奔月相传，远古时候天上有十日同时出现，晒得庄稼枯死，民不聊生，一个名叫后羿的英雄，力大无穷，他同情受苦的百姓，登上昆仑山顶，运足神力，拉开神弓，一气射下九个多太阳，并严令最后一个太阳按时起落，为民造福。后羿因此受到百姓的尊敬和爱戴，后羿娶了个美丽善良的妻子，名叫嫦娥。后羿除传艺狩猎外，终日和妻子在一起，人们都羡慕这对郎才女貌的恩爱夫妻。不少志士慕名前来投师学艺，心术不正的蓬蒙也混了进来。一天，后羿到昆仑山访友求道，巧遇由此经过的王母娘娘，便向王母求得一包不死药。据说，服下此药，能即刻升天成仙。然而，后羿舍不得撇下妻子，只好暂时把不死药交给嫦娥珍藏。嫦娥将药藏进梳妆台的百宝匣里，不料被小人蓬蒙看见了，他想偷吃不死药自己成仙。三天后，后羿率众徒外出狩猎，心怀鬼胎的蓬蒙假装生病，留了下来。待后羿率众人走后不久，蓬蒙手持宝剑闯入内宅后院，威逼嫦娥交出不死药。嫦娥知道自己不是蓬蒙的对手，危急之时她当机立断，转身打开百宝匣，拿出不死药一口吞了下去。嫦娥吞下药，身子立时飘离地面、冲出窗口，向天上飞去。由于嫦娥牵挂着丈夫，便飞落到离人间最近的月亮上成了仙。傍晚，后羿回到家，侍女们哭诉了白天发生的事。后羿既惊又怒，抽剑去杀恶徒，蓬蒙早逃走了，后羿气得捶胸顿足，悲痛欲绝，仰望着夜空呼唤爱妻的名字，这时他惊奇地发现，今天的月亮格外皎洁明亮，而且有个晃动的身影酷似嫦娥。他拼命朝月亮追去，可是他追三步，月亮退三步，他退三步，月亮进三步，无论怎样也追不到跟前。后羿无可奈何，又思念妻子，只好派人到嫦娥喜爱的后花园里，摆上香案，放上她平时最爱吃的蜜食鲜果，遥祭在月宫里眷恋着自己的嫦娥。百姓们闻知嫦娥奔月成仙的消息后，纷纷在月下摆设香案，向善良的嫦娥祈求吉祥平安。 从此，中秋节拜月的风俗在民间传开了。中秋传说之二吴刚折桂关于中秋节还有一个传说：相传月亮上的广寒宫前的桂树生长繁茂，有五百多丈高，下边有一个人常在砍伐它，但是每次砍下去之后，被砍的地方又立即合拢了。几千年来，就这样随砍随合，这棵桂树永远也不能被砍光。据说这个砍树的人名叫吴刚，是汉朝西河人，曾跟随仙人修道，到了天界，但是他犯了错误，仙人就把他贬谪到月宫，日日做这种徒劳无功的苦差使，以示惩处。李白诗中有“欲斫月中桂，持为寒者薪”的记载。中秋传说之三朱元璋与月饼起义中秋节吃月饼相传始于元代。当时，中原广大人民不堪忍受元朝统治阶级的残酷统治，纷纷起义抗元。朱元璋联合各路反抗力量准备起义。但朝庭官兵搜查的十分严密，传递消息十分困难。军师刘伯温便想出一计策，命令属下把藏有“八月十五夜起义”的纸条藏入饼子里面，再派人分头传送到各地起义军中，通知他们在八月十五日晚上起义响应。到了起义的那天，各路义军一齐响应，起义军如星火燎原。很快，徐达就攻下元大都，起义成功了。消息传来，朱元璋高兴得连忙传下口谕，在即将来临的中秋节，让全体将士与民同乐，并将当年起兵时以秘密传递信息的“月饼”，作为节令糕点赏赐群臣。此后，“月饼”制作越发精细，品种更多，大者如圆盘，成为馈赠的佳品。以后中秋节吃月饼的习俗便在民间流传开来。故宫因何祸事连连？2011-08-08 03:02:00| 分类： 写给大家 |字号 订阅受CCTV文化正午栏目邀请，去谈故宫，关于最近频发的事故。前几天还在另一节目里夸故宫的房子建得好。按说，在万恶的封建社会，劳动人民天天被统治阶级压榨，为他们盖房子应该往豆腐渣方向努力，没成想建成了屹立数百年的奇伟建筑杰作，连下水系统都那么实诚。不像新社会那按抵御一年几遇洪涝灾害胡乱修的管道，下点雨就将号称国际化的北京给变成海。按说有这么牢靠的宫墙护佑，故宫的管理者应该珍惜，为这个首屈一指的文物保护单位争光。谁料连出祸事先是毛贼轻松盗走展出文物，再说就是给破案的警察送了一面有错别字、疑似诽谤人家的锦旗，后由于将宫殿变会所被CCTV主持人芮成钢带着网友狂批。好不热闹。幸好郭美美看不下去了，便在网上炫富，成功地将大家的视线转移到了红十字会身上，后来又有假洋鬼子家具达芬奇、被遣返的走私犯赖昌星、夺命40条的动车帮忙，故宫终获消停。谁料又爆出科研人员毁掉国家一级文物的恶心事。成功地将媒体的注意力再度集中到自己身上。被毁的一级文物是宋代哥窑代表作品青釉葵瓣口盘，由于科研人员的错误操作，从一个变成了六瓣。表面上看，这暴露出操作者责任心不强、工作不细心等问题，而且一个人操作也违反了相关规定，背后也暴露出故宫存在着相当程度的管理混乱。没成想这件事调查尚无结果，又陷“私自拍卖五件馆藏珍品”质疑。全国人民去趟故宫不容易，不仅要支付昂贵的门票，还不能尽览所有馆藏的宝贝，连续出了这么多事，自然对管理者的能力产生了怀疑，进而展开严厉声讨。按理说，世界各大博物馆几乎都出过这样那样的问题，以巴黎卢浮宫为例，连镇馆之宝达芬奇不朽名画蒙娜丽莎都被偷过，而且以商养博也是国际惯例，卢浮宫里各类商店云集，也没像故宫开个星巴克就被公众当成美帝文化入侵那样痛斥。不同的是，故宫总是在出事后身陷被动挨打远不如国外博物馆主动坦诚公开。所谓态度决定一切。不断留下隐瞒真相的恶劣印象后，公众逐步失去了对故宫管理者的信任和耐心。愤怒和怀疑的浪潮将其逼至百口莫辩的墙角。表面看是故宫方危机公关能力的低下，总是用更大的错误来解决上一次错误。其积累的声誉逐步透支，在舆论面前，整个庞大的系统变成了那只易碎的宋代哥窑瓷瓶，显得不堪一击。说故宫的所有管理者都失去了对国宝的敬畏之心，显然过于武断。核心的症结也不在管理缺陷和部分员工的素质。众所周知，故宫是文化部下属的副部级事业单位，享受全额财政拨款。整个管理体制以行政化为主导构建，本事就与公众之间竖立着一座天然的高墙，除了有关部门，没有人清晰地知道那里的管理系统如何运行。即使出了问题，按照正常程序也会在系统内解决，而缺乏应对公众和媒介的经验，平时即使发生接触，也无非像政府机关一样，去宣示自己在为人民保护文物方面做出了多么巨大的贡献。尽管中国目前有关于文物事故处理的相关法规，也有政府信息公开条例等约束，但结合当前权大于法的沉疴严重，故宫也缺乏主动与公众沟通的动力和能力。于是，在信息严重不对称的背景下：故宫在暗箱之中进行着大事化小小事化了的善后，公众在不知情的状态下进行着最坏结果的猜测。循环往复且永无交集。在过去漫长的岁月中，故宫属于皇权，新中国成立后确立了公共文化场所地位，但由于落后的管理体制，改革开放33年后依旧没有真正属于公众。有人说，故宫摔碎的不只是一个宋代的盘子，而是现代社会应有的开放与文明。所幸现在社会管理创新大步突进，事业单位改革全面提速，都为故宫真正回归人民怀抱提供了绝佳的机遇。只有在此基础上，健全内部制度、实现科学管理，重塑公众信任才有了操作的可能。否则，事故不断的故宫要想走出困境，只有一条出路：所有人都是故宫的脊梁，打死也不自揭家丑，可惜深喉又不断涌现缺乏监督约束的权力只会导致内耗频仍，家丑四溢。QcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3P 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