“伪神童”教育模式产生原因的社会学分析

“伪神童”教育模式产生原因的社会学分析2005年7月,国家语言资源监测中心、北京语言大学等4家机构公布了2005年春夏主流报纸十大流行语。与往年不同的是,首次将“教育类”单列。其中,“教育公平”排名第一,而“神童退学”排列第九。1特别是在2005年高考中出现的建国以来年龄最小的辽宁考生、10岁的张炘炀顺利考上大学，更是将神童说得沸沸扬扬。一时间，小炘炀的成长经历被各大媒体大肆宣传，神童开始又一次被人们津津乐道。客观地说，神童即超常儿童是存在的。据中国科学院心理所研究员施建农介绍,心理学研究表明,智力发展超常的人在儿童中的比例是1%3%。据中国第五次人口普查,中国有2亿8千976万名14岁以下的儿童。如果按1%的比例计算,中国超常儿童有290万；如果按3%的比例计算,约有智力超常少儿近1000万。有国外学者把音乐、美术、体育、绘画等特殊才能考虑进去,超常儿童的比例要占15%。1但对于绝大多数儿童来说，他们只是拥有正常智力的孩子，所以他们各自的成长道路相差不大。但是近年来，媒体对神童的偏爱以及神童给家庭带来的巨大的经济效应，使得越来越多的家长们开始重视孩子的早期教育，希望把自己的孩子也打造成“神童”。一、“伪神童”教育模式概念的提出应该说，中国是个历来重视教育的国家，“神童情结”已达千年之久。改革初期，国家提出了控制人口数量，提高人口素质的口号，并把它当作一项基本国策长期稳定下来。于是，全国人民在经历了文革的十年浩劫后又开始重新重视教育，知识分子的社会地位也不断提高。陆学艺先生在他的当代中国社会阶层研究报告一书中指出，目前中国社会阶层分化的特征是经济地位与社会地位趋于一致，各社会阶层的受教育年限与他们社会地位的高低成正比。在当代中国社会，虽然先赋性因素还在继续影响一个人的社会地位，但是自致性因素对社会流动的影响越来越大，逐渐成为主要因素。一个人凭借着自己的努力是有机会向上流动的，农村孩子可以参加高考上大学来改变自己的身份，而城市居民则有更多的机会来改变自己的社会阶层。在现代社会，每个人都可以通过受教育，参与就业竞争，因而改变自己的社会地位。这也就是教育近年来越来越受欢迎的主要原因。于是便出现了“伪神童”现象。所谓的“伪神童”，笔者指的是这样的一群儿童，他们拥有正常的智力水平，接受了家长们安排的超出他们正常智力发展范围之外的教育训练，使得他们的智力发展呈现出“神童”的特点，但这些特点优势随着年龄的增长会“泯然众人矣”。即这些孩子所表现出来的“神童”特征只是暂时的，他们并不是真正的智力超常儿童。家长重视孩子的早期教育，这是好事。但有的家长在早期教育中出现了一些偏差，进入了误区，片面地认为“早期教育越早越好”，于是出现了任意超越儿童年龄阶段的超前教育，甚至可以说是“掠夺性的强制性的”智力开发。比如孩子刚会说话就让他们识字，学外语，或者让学龄前儿童学习小学知识等。家长之所以这样做的动机，无非是让孩子在进入小学时，有一个比较高的起点。但结果往往是事与愿违，在孩子生理、心理都在成长发育的过程中，超出其承受能力的过度早期教育是十分不科学的。美国社会心理学家默顿认为，动机不能被视为结果。他创造性地使用了“显性功能”和“隐性功能”的概念来说明社会行为的主观动机与客观社会后果之间的关系。默顿指出：“显性功能是有助于系统的调整和适应的客观后果，这种适应和调整是系统中参与者所预料、所认可的；反之，隐性功能是没有被预料、没有被认可的。”家长们希望通过对孩子的家庭教育以实现对其的早期智力开发，但他们忽视了这样做的诸多隐患。二、“伪神童”教育模式的危害过度地早期家庭教育实际上缩短了人的成长过程，违背了人本身的发展规律。片面地智力发展，片面地强调学习成绩，而忽视对孩子人文精神的培养。魏永康，这个为国人所熟悉的神童，13岁读大学，17岁考上中科院的硕博连读，却因生活不能自理，无法与同学老师正常沟通等诸多原因被迫退学。所以，教育专家认为，任意剥夺孩子的玩耍时间、过早的家庭教育无异于给孩子带上了心灵的镣铐，弊大于利。第一，这种教育模式伤害了未成年人的身体素质。有关资料统计表明,我国部分省市小学生龋齿患病率多达50%以上,有的地区和年龄组高达80%；学生贫血及营养不良率高达20%以上；报考高等院校的考生中,体格完全合格的仅占15%左右,近85%的考生因身体不合格或健康原因而受到专业的限制。另据有关省市视力监测点的监测结果表明,中小学在校生近视率高达34.117%,其中小学为6.184%,初中为45.159%,高中为65.142%。这些数字不禁让我们震惊。2试问，身体素质如此差的“接班人”如何建设社会主义事业，如何应对日益激烈的国际竞争？第二，未成年人在这种教育模式下心理负担沉重。父母望子成龙的心态没有错，但是过大压力给孩子造成了一种逆反心理，反而导致孩子厌学。超负荷的学习使得孩子的心理恐惧与日俱增。以“神童”为代表的优等生小群体成长在师长赞赏、家长褒奖、同学羡慕的氛围中，造成他们对挫折的心理承受能力很差，一遇到挫折往往就会六神无主、手足无措，故而逃避者、精神崩溃者甚至自戕者亦有之。他们的肩膀上承载着学校声誉、师长荣誉、家长期许、自身前程的重负，心理负担很重。“神童”的结局并不都看好，好些还不如正常儿童，其心理问题及时疏导的缺失是重要原因。第三，这种教育模式往往会给未成年人带来人际交往、人际沟通等方面的障碍。早期教育不断强化的甚至惟一的目标就是“取得优异的学业成绩”，致使孩子囿于学业围城，生活不能自理，不懂与人相处，不识社会现实，有的对辛苦养育自己的父母感情冷漠、甚至憎恶。想像一下，如果二十年后中国社会的主体是这样的一群人，那整个社会将如何运转下去？第四，这种教育模式折射出中国教育正进入“伪教育时代”。家长们对教育的趋之若鹜使教育演变成商家获取商业利益的中介，只要能获取商业利润，什么违反教育规律的“新生事物”都可以出现。什么教育笑话都可以变成现实。这种“伪教育现象”不只是危害了的教育对象，更危害了教育的整体风气，腐蚀了一代教育工作者，制造了虚幻的“大跃进式的教育梦”。这是当前普遍的急功近利的社会心理和一切朝“钱”看的不良风气对教育事业的渗透。诚然，面对知识经济时代的严峻挑战，当今社会的人才竞争日趋激烈，家长们的危机感是可以理解的，但也没有必要把这种竞争过分地提前到学龄前阶段。因为儿童的成长是一个复杂的过程，只有根据孩子身心的具体发展规律，循序渐进，才能“可持续发展”。在儿童教育的问题上急功近利的想法是错误的，非常不可取的。研究表明，灵长类动物的脑容量、智商、情商与幼儿期的玩耍量呈同步增长。据此专家认为，给学龄前儿童创造一个无忧无虑、宽松活泼的生活环境，无疑将产生积极的远期效应。尤其是相对没有羁束的游戏和玩耍，更有利于增强幼儿的大脑发育，锻造独立的人格、健全的心理和顽强的群体生活能力，大大降低成年期精神、心理疾病的患病率。3三、“伪神童”教育模式背后的推动因素18 世纪启蒙思想家卢梭认为,儿童教育不能1在今天预支明天的需要；必须把儿童当作儿童看待, 尊重儿童特有的观察、思考、运动和感觉的特殊性。“切莫节省时间,而要多用时间”应该成为教育学中最伟大、最有用、最重要的原则。; 既然如此，为什么还有那么多的家长对早期教育如此地趋之若鹜呢？究其原因，隐藏在这种教育模式背后的社会原因是值得我们深思的。第一，家长们的功利目的和人文精神的缺失。中国人比较喜欢互相攀比，作为父母，看到别人的孩子多才多艺，便不管自己的孩子喜欢不喜欢，强制性地让孩子学钢琴、书法、舞蹈、绘画等。所谓的兴趣班变成了“家长的兴趣，孩子们的班”。被政治运动耽搁的家长们,蓦然回首,来日无多,且无转世的宗教告慰,盼子成龙的人便把儿女看作苦海的方舟,今生的来世,向命运索赔的筹码。为孩子们不可预言的未来, 他们甘愿付出整个现在。这其实是一种心理补偿，孩子的健康是其次的，自己的骄傲才是主要的。这就是法国著名作家罗曼罗兰所说的“骄傲的寄托”。;organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, actively join the construction of socialist harmonious society.(two) to strengthen the ideological and moral construction of teenagers. Thoroughly implement the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Improving Civic Morality to minors and students as focus groups, to strengthen and improve the ideological and moral construction of minors and the ideological and political education of college students. Make full use of the spirit and the spirit of the Three Gorges migrants Hongyan XX unique the use of educational resources, school, into the team, the league, to join the party, adult occasions, extensive Hongyan spirit generation theme education activities. Use of holidays and leisure time, youth organizations three rural areas, four communities, four and moral practice, guide the youth Youth to enhance national pride, self-esteem and self-confidence, to establish the trend of the times and adapt to the trend of thinking, value orientation and behavior.(three) innovative ways and means of ideological education. Grasp the new trend of the development of the times, the new hot new features and social ideological status of young people, to further explore the methods of ideological education using modern technology and communication mode of education make lively and vivid, fully embodies the close to reality, close to life, close to the young principle through the cultivation and selection. Hongyan demonstration group, good boy, Hongyan Hongyan Youth and other forms of more scientific use of advanced typical influence and promote youth, and strive to create advocating advanced, learning advanced, striving to advance a good atmosphere.Two, in order to forge ahead with the motherland, and XX with the development as its theme, guide the youth to build a common ideological basis for the construction of a socialist harmonious society(a) grasp the theme of the purpose of the activity. The go ahead with the motherland in the youth, and XX with the development of theme educational activities. Vigorously promote patriotism as the core of the national spirit and reform and innovation as the core spirit of the times, the combination of youth with common ideals and beliefs, with great achievements in socialist modernization the motivation of youth, the youth to enhance self-confidence, sense of mission and responsibility to educate and guide the youth to personal pursuit into the common pursuit of all people, their personal struggle into the great practice of building socialism China characteristics, further firmly follow the party China characteristics The confidence and determination of the socialist road, and build the common ideological foundation of the young people to build a socialist harmonious society.(two) rich theme activities. By carrying out the two generation dialogue , in my eyes, the charm of XX situation and policy through activities such as lectures, report, seminars, theatrical performances, mass cultural activities, to help young people understand Chinas reform and opening up the extraordinary journey and brilliant achievements achieved fruitful results, to understand the citys economic and social development since the new XX, so that young people understand, love the new XX, and then to the construction of the new XX, a firm with the party on the road to socialism with China characteristics of faith; make full use of the 54, 61, National Day and the commemoration of the 85 anniversary of the founding of the red In the 70 anniversary of the victory of the long march and other major activities, the favorable opportunity of major events and major festivals, to carry out educational activities, promote the theme education activities continue to create momentum, the rise of high tide, popular. Further study, promotion of Scientific Outlook on Development, to carry out a wide range of situation and policy education, the development prospect of the future of the motherland and XX, guiding the youth to continue enhance the sense of mission and responsibility, in the implementation of the 11th Five-Year planning and building a well-off society in the historical process of contributions. Be enthusiastic and press on.Three, to lead the trend of youth service, cultural city youth culture is taking action, and promote new progress in the construction of youth 9 / 9organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretar