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新型冠状病毒新型肺炎阅读材料A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected more than 200 people since the outbreak （爆发） began in Wuhan, China, in December. Scientist Leo Poon, who first decoded the virus, thinks it likely started in an animal and spread to humans.What we know is it causes pneumonia （肺炎） and then doesnt respond to antibiotic （抗生素）treatment, which is not surprising, but then in terms of mortality （死亡率），SARS kills 10% of the individuals, Poon, a virologist （病毒学家）at the School of Public Health at The University of Hong Kong, said.The World Health Organization offered guidance to countries on how they can prepare for it, including how to monitor for the sick and how to treat patients.Here are several things you should know about a coronavirus.1 .What is a coronavirus?Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses that are common among animals. In rare cases, they are what scientists call zoonotic, zaoa naotik （人畜共患病）,meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2 .Coronavirus symptoms （症状）The viruses can make people sick, usually with a mild （轻度）tomoderate （中度）upper respiratory tract illness （上呼吸道疾病），similar to a common cold. Coronavirus symptoms include a runny nose, cough, sore throat, possibly a headache and maybe a fever, which can last for a couple of days.For those with a weakened immune system, the elderly and the very young, theres a chance the virus could cause a lower, and much more serious, respiratory tract illness like a pneumonia or bronchitis brogkaitis（支气管炎）.3 .There are a handful of human coronaviruses that are known to be deadly.Middle East Respiratory Syndrome （中东呼吸综合征），also known as the MERS virus, was first reported in the Middle East in 2012 and also causes respiratory problems, but those symptoms are much more severe. Three to four out of every 10 patients infected with MERS died, according to the CDC.Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome （严重急性呼吸综合征）,also known as SARS, is the other coronavirus that can cause more severe symptoms. First identified in the Guangdong province in southern China, according to the WHO, it causes respiratory problems but can also cause diarrhea daisria（腹泻）,fatigue （疲劳），shortness of breath, respiratory distress （呼吸窘迫）and kidney failure （肾衰）.Depending on the patients age, the death rate with SARS ranged from 0-50% of the cases, with older people being the most vulnerable.4 .How it spreads?Viruses can spread from human contact with animals. Scientists think MERS started in camels, according to the WHO. With SARS, scientists suspected civet cats （狸猫） were to blame.When it comes to human-to-human transmission of the viruses, often it happens when someone comes into contact with the infected persons secretions sikri:j9）n（分泌物）.Depending on how virulent virslant （有毒的）the virus is, a cough, sneeze or handshake could cause exposure. The virus can also be transmitted by touching something an infected person has touched and then touching your mouth, nose or eyes. Caregivers （护理人员）can sometimes be exposed by handling a patients waste, according to the CDC.疫苗研发的艰难战役：多国专家争分夺秒针对武汉疫情的药物，不仅中国在加紧攻关，全世界的医学工作 者也在积极研发。不过相关疫苗的研制却是一项很难在短时间内实现 的工程。研制疫苗有多复杂？ 一起来听今天的课程讲解。文本难度：Researchers Are Racing to Make a Coronavirus Vaccine. Will ItHelp?研究人员正加紧研制冠状病毒疫苗，会有用吗？By Knvul Sheikh and Katie ThomasIn the early days of January, as cases of a strange, pneumonia-like illness 1( reporte) in China, researchers at the National Institutes of Health 2(ready) themselves to hunt for a vaccine to prevent the new disease.一月初，随着一种奇怪、类似肺炎的疾病在中国出现，美国国家 卫生研究院的研究人员做好了准备去钻研预防该疾病的疫苗。Scientists in Australia are also working on vaccine candidates to stop the spread of the disease.澳大利亚的科学家也正在研究备选疫苗，以阻断疫情传播。3(historical), vaccines have been one of the greatest public health tools to prevent disease. But even as new technology, advancements in genomics and improved global coordination have allowed researchers to move 4 unprecedented speed, vaccine development remains 5 expensive and risky process.历史上，疫苗一直都是预防疾病最重要的公共卫生工具之一。技 术革新、基因学进步以及全球合作的加强，使得研究人员以前所未有 的速度开展工作；即便如此，疫苗的研发仍是一个昂贵且高风险的过 程。It takes months and even years because the vaccines must undergo extensive testing in animals and humans. 6 the best case, it takes atleast a year and most likely 7(long) for any vaccine to become available 8 the public.这一过程往往耗费数月甚至数年，因为疫苗必须在动物和人体身 上通过大量测试。在最乐观的情况下，任何疫苗从研发到面向公众至 少需要一年，而大部分情况下这个过程可能花费更长时间。With each new outbreak, scientists 9(typical) have to start from scratch. After the SARS outbreak in 2003, it took researchers about 20 months from the release of the viral genome to get a vaccine ready for human trials. By the time an epidemic caused by the Zika virus occurred in 2015, researchers 10(bring) the timeline down to six months. Now, they hope the joint efforts will cut that time in half.通常来说，每当新的疫情爆发，科学家就得从头开始。2003年 SARS爆发后，从公布病毒基因组到获得一种可以进行人体试验的疫 苗，研究人员花了约20个月的时间。到2015年寨卡病毒引发疫情时， 这一时间线被缩短为6个月。现在，他们希望通过共同的努力，让这 个时间再缩短一半。(c) 2020 The New York Times Company生词好句1 .vaccine UK /v2eksi:n/ US /vseksi:n/ n.疫苗来自拉丁语 vaccinus： of a cow拉丁语：vacca奶牛（cow）爱德华琴纳免疫学之父2 .race UK /reis/ US /reis/ vi.快速移动，快速做某事(move quickly or do sth. quickly)； 竞争 (to compete with sb./sth. in the race) race to do sth.快速做某事，竞争着做某事3 .ready oneself to do sth.某人准备充分做某事，全力以赴做某 事 (prepare oneself to do sth.)4 .hunt for 寻求 (seek for/pursue)5 .pneumonia UK /nju: maonia/ US /nu: mounja/ n.肺炎(a serious illness affecting one or both lungs that makes breathing difficult) 希腊语：pneumon 肺(lung)6 .National Institutes of Health 美国国家卫生研究院(NIH)7 .work on sth.忙于某事8 .candidate UK /kaendideit/ US /kaendideit/ n.候选人，候选的 事物(a person or a thing that is regarded as being suitable for a particular purpose or as being likely to do or be a particular thing)9 .advancement UK /9dva:nsmant/ US /advsensmant/ n. 进步， 进展 (progress/improvement) next generation sequencing 二代测序10 .unprecedented UK /Anpresidentid/ US /Anpresadentid/ adj. 前所未有的 (never have happened before or never have happened so much) take the unprecedented measure/step of sth.采取前所未有的举措11 .undergo UK /.Andagau/ US /.Andargoo/ vt,经受，经历 (experience/go through) The country has undergone massive changes recently.国家近来经历了巨大的动荡。undergo medical treatment 经受医学治疗1.1 in the best case 在最好的情况下(given the best situation)1.5 start from scratch 从头开始；白手起家scratch n.抓，挠We have to start again from scratch.我们必须一切从头来过。14 .genome UK /djiaom/ US /dimoum/ n.基因组(all the genes in one type of living thing ) gene n. 基因the human genome人类基因组15 .epidemic UK /.epidemik/ US /.epademik/ n.传染病，流行 病 Over 500 people died during last years flu epidemic.超过五百人死于去年的流感。16 .Zika virus寨卡病毒(一种由蚊虫进行传播的病毒，当时主 要在美洲传播)17 .bring sth. down to .把某物降到某个水平(reduce sth. to a certain level)18 .joint efforts 共同努力19 20
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