高考英语二轮复习 第三部分 题型强化训练 专题一 阅读理解 第5课时 锁定上下逻辑攻克阅读“七选五”课件

第第5课时锁定上下逻辑课时锁定上下逻辑攻克阅读攻克阅读“七选五七选五”怎么考“7选5”以考查细节理解为主，以说明文和议论文居多。该题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的前后联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。其选项一般分为三类：主旨概括句、过渡性句子或注释性句子。考法1考查对文章的整体内容和结构的理解和掌握(1)描述性结构：主要介绍人物、事物、问题或倾向的特点；对人物的描述，如传记，包括人物的身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容，时间、地点往往是出题重点；(2)释义性结构：解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用举例、类比等方法进行阐述；(3)比较性结构：把两个人或事物的功能、特点、优缺点进行对比；(4)原因性结构：主要分析事物的成因；(5)驳斥性结构：先介绍一种观点，之后对其进行分析、评论或驳斥，最后阐明自己的观点。考法2考查对上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握语段的句际关系可分为因果、并列、转折、层递、总分等类别。常考查的连接性词汇有：(1)因果关系：so，therefore，thus，hence，accordingly，consequently，as a result等；(2)并列关系：first，second，third.；firstly，secondly，thirdly.；first，next，then.；in the first place，in the second place，.；for one thing，for another.等；(3)转折关系：but，however，nevertheless，nonetheless，still，though，yet，in spite of，on the contrary，by contrast，conversely，otherwise等；(4)层递关系：also，further，furthermore，moreover，in addition，whats more，not only.but also.等。怎么学针对该题型的考法，在平时的阅读训练中，注意把握文章的体裁。分析篇章结构，把握全文脉络。语篇通常由段落构成，所以分析篇章结构包括两个层次：一是分析段落之间的层次，也就是语篇层次；二是分析每个段落内部的层次，即句际层次，尤其是选项与前(后)句之间的逻辑关系等。另外，在平时的阅读训练中，培养自己辨别语境线索的能力。语境线索主要指反映上下文关系的衔接手段，如篇章结构、词语重现、逻辑关系、连接、指称、同构等。词语重现是指词语的重复出现，但这里不是指词语的简单重现，而是指某一词语可能以不同的词性、数、格、时、态等形式出现，如read，reading，reader，readers；还可能是以同义词、近义词甚至反义词等形式出现。逻辑关系是事物之间内在的、必然的联系，包括时间先后关系、空间位置关系、因果关系等。连接是指用连接词或连接语表明上下文之间的逻辑关系，如and，however。指称是指用代词替代前文已出现的人物、事件、物品等，如he，she，they。同构是指上下文使用了相同或类似的句式。怎么解步骤1通读整篇文章对文章进行快速浏览，把握段落语脉，寻找主题句，理出文章的中心，掌握文章结构及文章的写作内容。注意文章的开始与结束段落，尤其是文章首段及末段的末句，因为“开门见山”与“结尾总结”为常见的写作方式。首段的末句很可能是全文的主题所在，并简要指出文章的写作思路，有时甚至会以提纲的形式进行呈现。步骤2详读段落在短时间内，找出每段内容的关键词，注意关键词之间的关系。将所有句子按意义分出层次，再分析各层次之间的关系，明确各段的主题句或主旨大意。步骤3定位选项明确各备选选项的含义，抓住其关键词语，根据文章整体结构与具体内容，将选项填入文中。填写时尤其要注意各选项的句子的衔接手段及句中的衔接标志词。步骤4通读复检将所选答案代入文中，再次通读全文，重点检查逻辑关系。 步骤5注意一些词类的用法(1)注意代词。代词是用来指代名词或句子的。做题时，一定要注意句中出现的人称代词或指示代词，然后通过代词在句中所作的成分推断出它指代的成分的类型，进而从选项中找到答案。(2)注意特殊疑问词。如果选项中或题空前出现特殊疑问词，一定要把这句话仔细读几遍，因为针对不同特殊疑问词的回答方式是不一样的。比如对why的回答，要有because等表示原因的词；对when的回答，要有表示时间的状语；对where的回答，要有表示地点的状语；对how的回答，要有表示方式或程度的状语等。(3)注意连词。如表示转折的连词有but，however，yet，though等；表示并列关系的连词有and，or，on one hand.on the other hand等。步骤6确定排除研究多余选项，确定排除理由，最终确定答案。【典例剖析1】体裁：说明文话题：人的寿命词数：267时间：7根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。(2016四川卷)Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries._1_In general，they can expect to live six or seven years more than men.One reason for this is biological.One important biological factor that helps women live longer is the difference in hormones between men and women._2_Between the ages of about 12 and 50，women produce hormones that are involved in fertility(生育能力).These hormones also have a positive effect on the heart and the blood flow.In fact，women are less likely to have high blood pressure or to die from heart attacks._3_They help the body defend itself against some kinds of infections.This means that women generally get sick less often and less seriously than men.The common cold is a good example: women，on average，get fewer colds than men._4_Scientists are still not exactly sure how genes influence aging，but they believe that they do.Some think that a womans body cells have a tendency (倾向) to age more slowly than a mans.Others think that a mans body cells have a tendency to age more quickly._5_A.However，women，on average，live longer.B.The biological factor plays an important part.C.Women are also helped by their female genes.D.The female hormones also protect the body in another way.E.Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities.F.Therefore，women are more healthy than men and can live a better life.G.Hormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control various body functions.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。介绍了女性比男性寿命长的原因。1.A上下文过渡句。根据空后的“they can expect to live six or seven years more than men”可知，这是对空格处作进一步的说明。2.G上下文过渡句。空格前句说明女性比男性寿命长的原因在于“hormones”的不同，接着对“hormones”作进一步的解释。3.D上下文过渡句。空后三句主要讲述雌激素在抵抗疾病方面的作用。4.C上下文过渡句。空后主要讲述基因与年老的关系。C项中的genes与空后句中的genes是原词复现。5.E细节支撑句。空前讲述了科学家们的两种不同观点，E项中的“both of these possibilities”指的就是这两种不同观点。【典例剖析2】体裁：说明文话题：冒险词数：404时间：8根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。(2016北京卷)The Science of Risk-SeekingSometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward，the risk seems worth taking._6_ Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us.Why？Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans.Risk-takers were better at hunting，fighting，or exploring._7_As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next，humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.So why arent we all jumping out of airplanes then？Well，even 200，000 years ago，too much risk-taking could get one killed.A few daring survived，though，along with a few stay-in-the-cave types.As a result，humans developed a range of character types that still exists today.So maybe you love car racing，or maybe you hate it._8_No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range，scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years._9_To help you do that，your brain increases your hunger for new experiences.New experiences often mean taking some risks，so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well._10_ For the risk-seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active，while for the rest of us，a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking，well continue to hit the mountains，the waves or the shallow end of the pool.A.It all depends on your character.B.Those are the risks you should jump to take.C.Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.D.Thus，these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.E.This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.F.However，we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.G.New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.【语篇解读】本文为说明文。主要探讨了为什么某些人喜欢冒险，它们冒险的动机是什么等。6.F根据空前面的“weigh the risk and the reward”可以看出和F项中的“weigh risks and rewards”对应，同时F项与空格前面的一句话之间是转折关系，句意衔接紧密，故选F。7.C根据空前面的“better at hunting，fishing，or exploring”可以看出和C项中的“Being better at those things”相呼应。故选C项。8.A空格前第二句中出现character types与A选项中的character相对应；空格前一句中的you 与选项中的your在人称上保持一致，空格前一句中动词love与hate和A选项中的depends on保持对应，故选A项。9.E空格前一句出现了teenager years 与E选项当中的this 相对，另外E选项当中提到 move away from family into the bigger world也是对空格前一句中的teenager years的解释。故选E项。10.G空格后一句中提及pleasure和fear，是从正反两方面进行对比，对应G项中的differently，再根据空格后一句中出现的riskseeker，brain，us等词与选项G中的nervous situation，our brains相对应，故选G项。