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2018年6月大学英语六级考试真题（二）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30minutes to write an essay on the importance ofbuilding trust between teachers and students. You can cite examples to illustrate yourviews. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words._PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C) andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.1.A)SheadvocatesanimalprotectionB)Shesellsaspecialkindofcoffee.C)Sheisgoingtostartacafchain.D)Sheistheownerofaspecialcaf.2.A)Theybearalotofsimilarities.B)Theyareaprofitablebusinesssector.C)Theycatertodifferentcustomers.D)Theyhelptakecareofcustomerspets.3.A)Bygivingthemregularcleaningandinjections.B)Byselectingbreedsthataretameandpeaceful.C)Byplacingthematasafedistancefromcustomers.D)Bybriefingcustomersonhowtogetalongwiththem.4.A)Theywanttolearnaboutrabbits.B)Theyliketobringintheirchildren.C)Theylovetheanimalsinhercaf.D)Theygivehercaffavoritereviews.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.5.A)Itcontainstoomanyadditives.B)Itlackstheessentialvitamins.C)Itcancauseobesity.D)Itismostlygarbage.6.A)Itsfancydesign.B)TVcommercials.C)Itstasteandtexture.D)Peerinfluence.7.A)Investingheavilyintheproductionofsweetfoods.B)Marketingtheirproductswithordinaryingredients.C)Tryingtotrickchildrenintobuyingtheirproducts.D)Offeringchildrenmorevarietiestochoosefrom.8.A)Theyhardlyatevegetables.B)Theyseldomhadjunkfood.C)Theyfavoredchocolate-coatedsweets.D)TheylikedthefoodadvertisedonTV.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9.A)Stretchesoffarmland.B)TypicalEgyptiananimalfarms.C)Tombsofancientrulers.D)Ruinsleftbydevastatingfloods.10.A)Itprovideshabitatsformoreprimitivetribes.B)Itishardlyassociatedwithgreatcivilizations.C)Ithasnotyetbeenfullyexploredandexploited.D)Itgatherswaterfrommanytropicalrainforests.11.A)Itcarriesaboutonefifthoftheworldsfreshwater.B)Ithasnumeroushumansettlementsalongitsbanks.C)ItissecondonlytotheMississippiRiverinwidth.D)ItisaslongastheNileandtheYangtzecombined.Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.12.A)Livingalifeinthefastlaneleadstosuccess.B)Wearealwaysinarushtodovariousthings.C)Thesearchfortranquilityhasbecomeatrend.D)Allofusactuallyyearnforaslowandcalmlife.13.A)Shehadtroublebalancingfamilyandwork.B)Sheenjoyedthevarioussocialevents.C)Shewasaccustomedtotightschedules.D)Shespentallherleisuretimewritingbooks.14.A)Thepossibilityofruiningherfamily.B)Becomingawareofherdeclininghealth.C)Thefatiguefromlivingafast-pacedlife.D)Readingabookaboutslowingdown.15.A)Shestartedtofollowtheculturalnorms.B)Shecametoenjoydoingeverydaytasks.C)Shelearnedtousemorepoliteexpressions.D)Shestoppedusingto-dolistsandcalendars.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughcentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16.A)Theywillrootoutnativespeciesaltogether.B)Theycontributetoaregionsbiodiversity.C)Theyposeathreattothelocalecosystem.D)Theywillcrossbreedwithnativespecies.17.A)Theirclassificationsaremeaningful.B)Theirinteractionsarehardtodefine.C)Theirdefinitionsarechangeable.D)Theirdistinctionsareartificial.18.A)Onlyafewofthemcauseproblemstonativespecies.B)Theymayturnouttobenefitthelocalenvironment.C)Fewofthemcansurviveintheirnewhabitats.D)Only10percentofthemcanbenaturalized.Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.19.A)Respecttheirtraditionalculture.B)Attendtheirbusinessseminars.C)Researchtheirspecificdemands.D)Adopttherightbusinessstrategies.20.A)Showingthemyourpalm.B)Givingthemgiftsofgreatvalue.C)Drinkingalcoholoncertaindaysofamonth.D)Clickingyourfingersloudlyintheirpresence.21.A)Theyareveryeasytosatisfy.B)Theyhaveastrongsenseofworth.C)Theytendtobefriendlyandenthusiastic.D)Theyhaveabreakfrom2:00to5:30p.m.Questions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.22.A)Hecompletelychangedthecompanysculture.B)Hecollectedpaintingsbyworld-famousartists.C)HetookoverthesalesdepartmentofReadersDigest.D)Hehadthecompanysboardroomextensivelyrenovated.23.A)Itshouldbesoldatareasonableprice.B)Itsarticlesshouldbeshortandinspiring.C)Itshouldbepublishedintheworldsleadinglanguages.D)Itsarticlesshouldentertainblue-andpink-collarworkers.24.A)Heknewhowtomakethemagazineprofitable.B)Heservedasachurchministerformanyyears.C)Hesufferedmanysetbacksandmisfortunesinhislife.D)Hetreatedtheemployeeslikemembersofhisfamily.25.A)Itcarriedmanymoreadvertisements.B)GeorgeGrunejoineditasanadsalesman.C)Severalhundredofitsemployeesgotfired.D)Itssubscriptionsincreasedconsiderably.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Did Sarah Josepha Hale write Marys Little Lamb, the eternal nursery rhyme(儿歌) about a girl named Mary with a stubborn lamb? This is still disputed, butits clear that the woman 26for writing it was one of Americas mostfascinating 27 . In honor of the poems publication on May 24, 1830, heresmore about the 28 authors life.Hale wasnt just a writer, she was also a 29 social advocate, and she wasparticularly 30 with an ideal New England, which she associated with abundantThanksgiving meals that she claimed had a deep moral influence. She begana nationwide 31 to have a national holiday declared that would bring familiestogether while celebrating the 32 festivals. In 1863, after 17 years of advocacyincluding letters to five presidents, Hale got it. President Abraham Lincoln,during the Civil War, issued a 33 setting aside the last Thursday in Novemberfor the holiday.The true authorship of Marys Little Lamb is disputed. According to the NewEngland Historical Society, Hale wrote only part of the poem, but claimedauthorship. Regardless of the author, it seems that the poem was 34 by a realevent. When young Mary Sawyer was followed to school by a lamb in 1816, itcaused some problems. A bystander named John Roulstone wrote a poem aboutthe event, then, at some point, Hale herself seems to have helped write it.However, if a 1916 piece by her great-niece is to be trusted, Hale claimed forthe 35 of her life that some other people pretended that someone else wrotethe poem.A) campaign B) career C) characters D) features E) fierce F) inspired G) latter H) obsessed I) proclamation J) rectified K) reputed L) rest M) supposed N) traditional O) versatileSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Grow Plants Without WaterA) Ever since humanity began to farm our own food, weve faced theunpredictable rain that is both friend and enemy. It comes and goes withoutmuch warning, and a field of lush (茂盛的) leafy greens one year can dry up andblow away the next. Food security and fortunes depend on sufficient rain, and nowhere more so than in Africa, where 96% of farmland depends on rain instead of the irrigation common in more developed places. It has consequences:South Africas ongoing droughtthe worst in three decadeswill cost at least aquarter of its corn crop this year.B) Biologist Jill Farrant of the University of Cape Town in South Africa says that nature has plenty of answers for people who want to grow crops in places withunpredictable rainfall. She is hard at work finding a way to take traits from rarewild plants that adapt to extreme dry weather and use them in food crops. As the earths climate changes and rainfall becomes even less predictable in some places, those answers will grow even more valuable. The type of farming Im aiming for is literally so that people can survive as its going to get more and more dry, Farrant says.C) Extreme conditions produce extremely tough plants. In the rusty red deserts of South Africa, steep-sided rocky hills called inselbergs rear up from the plains like the bones of the earth. The hills are remnants of an earlier geological era, scraped bare of most soil and exposed to the elements. Yet on these and similar formations in deserts around the world, a few fierce plants have adapted to endure under ever-changing conditions.D) Farrant calls them resurrection plants (复苏植物). During months without water under a harsh sun, they wither, shrink and contract until they look like a pile of dead gray leaves. But rainfall can revive them in a matter of hours. Her time-lapse (间歇性拍摄的) videos of the revivals look like someone playing a tape of the plants death in reverse.E) The big difference between drought-tolerant plants and these tough plants: metabolism. Many different kinds of plants have developed tactics to weather dry spells. Some plants store reserves of water to see them through a drought; others send roots deep down to subsurface water supplies. But once these plants use up their stored reserve or tap out the underground supply, they cease growing and start to die. They may be able to handle a drought of some length, and many people use the term drought tolerant to describe such plants, but they never actually stop needing to consume water, so Farrant prefers to call them drought resistant.F) Resurrection plants, defined as those capable of recovering from holding less than 0.1 grams of water per gram of dry mass, are different. They lack water-storing structures, and their existence on rock faces prevents them from tapping groundwater, so they have instead developed the ability to change their metabolism. When they detect an extended dry period, they divert their metabolisms, producing sugars and certain stress-associated proteins and other materials in their tissues. As the plant dries, these resources take on first the properties of honey, then rubber, and finally enter a glass-like state that is the most stable state that the plant can maintain, Farrant says. That slows the plants metabolism and protects its dried-out tissues. The plants also change shape, shrinking to minimize the surface area through which their remaining water might evaporate. They can recover from months and years without water, depending on the species.G) What else can do this dry-out-and-revive trick? Seedsalmost all of them. At the start of her career, Farrant studied recalcitrant seeds (顽拗性种子), such as avocados, coffee and lychee. While tasty, such seeds are delicatethey cannot bud and grow if they dry out (as you may know if youve ever tried to grow a tree from an avocado pit). In the seed world, that makes them rare, because most seeds from flowering plants are quite robust. Most seeds can wait out the dry, unwelcoming seasons until conditions are right and they sprout (发芽). Yet once they start growing, such plants seem not to retain the ability to hit the pause button on metabolism in their stems or leaves.H) After completing her Ph. D. on seeds, Farrant began investigating whether it might be possible to isolate the properties that make most seeds so resilient (迅 速恢复活力的) and transfer them to other plant tissues. What Farrant and others have found over the past two decades is that there are many genes involved in resurrection plants response to dryness. Many of them are the same that regulate how seeds become dryness-tolerant while still attached to their parent plants. Now they are trying to figure out what molecular signaling processes activate those seed-building genes in resurrection plantsand how to reproduce them in crops. Most genes are regulated by a master set of genes, Farrant says. Were looking at gene promoters and what would be their master switch.I) Once Farrant and her colleagues feel they have a better sense of which switches to throw, they will have to find the best way to do so in useful crops. Im trying three methods of breeding, Farrant says: conventional, genetic modification and gene editing. She says she is aware that plenty of people do not want to eat genetically modified crops, but she is pushing ahead with every available tool until one works. Farmers and consumers alike can choose whether or not to use whichever version prevails： Im giving people an option.J) Farrant and others in the resurrection business got together last year to discuss the best species of resurrection plant to use as a lab model. Just like medical researchers use rats to test ideas for human medical treatments, botanists use plants that are relatively easy to grow in a lab or greenhouse setting to test their ideas for related species. The Queensland rock violet is one of the best studied resurrection plants so far, with a draft genome (基因图谱) published last year by a Chinese team. Also last year, Farrant and colleagues published a detailed molecular study of another candidate, Xerophyta viscosa, a tough-as-nail South African plant with lily-like flowers, and she says that a genome is on the way. One or both of these models will help researchers test their ideasso far mostly done in the labon test plots.K) Understanding the basic science first is key. There are good reasons why crop plants do not use dryness defenses already. For instance, theres a high energy cost in switching from a regular metabolism to an almost-no-water metabolism. It will also be necessary to understand what sort of yield farmers might expect and to establish the plants safety. The yield is never going to be high, Farrant says, so these plants will be targeted not at Iowa farmers trying to squeeze more cash out of high-yield fields, but subsistence farmers who need help to survive a drought like the present one in South Africa. My vision is for the subsistence farmer, Farrant says. Im targeting crops that are of African value.36. There are a couple of plants tough and adaptable enough to survive on bare rocky hills and in deserts.37. Farrant is trying to isolate genes in resurrection plants and reproduce them in crops.38. Farmers in South Africa are more at the mercy of nature, especially inconsistent rainfall.39. Resurrection crops are most likely to be the choice of subsistence farmers.40. Even though many plants have developed various tactics to cope with dry weather, they cannot survive a prolonged drought.41. Despite consumer resistance, researchers are pushing ahead with genetic modification of crops.42. Most seeds can pull through dry spells and begin growing when conditions are ripe, but once this process starts, it cannot be held back.43. Farrant is working hard to cultivate food crops that can survive extreme dryness by studying the traits of rare wild plants.44. By adjusting their metabolism, resurrection plants can recover from an extended period of drought.45. Resurrection plants can come back to life in a short time after a rainfall. Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Human memory is notoriously unreliable. Even people with the sharpest facial-recognition skills can only remember so much. Its tough to quantify how good a person is at remembering. No one really knows how many different faces someone can recall, for example, but various estimates tend to hover in the thousandsbased on the number of acquaintances a person might have. Machines arent limited this way. Give the right computer a massive database of faces, and it can process what it seesthen recognize a face its told to findwith remarkable speed and precision. This skill is what supports the enormous promise of facial-recognition software in the 21st century. Its also what makes contemporary surveillance systems so scary. The thing is, machines still have limitations when it comes to facial recognition. And scientists are only just beginning to understand what those constraints are. To begin to figure out how computers are struggling, researchers at the University of Washington created a massive database of facesthey call it MegaFaceand tested a variety of facial-recognition algorithms (算法) as they scaled up in complexity. The idea was to test the machines on a database that included up to 1 million different images of nearly 700,000 different peopleand not just a large database featuring a relatively small number of different faces, more consistent with whats been used in other research. As the databases grew, machine accuracy dipped across the board. Algorithms that were right 95% of the time when they were dealing with a 13,000-image database, for example, were accurate about 70% of the time when confronted with 1 million images. Thats still pretty good, says one of the researchers, Ira Kemelmacher-Shlizerman. Much better than we expected, she said. Machines also had difficulty adjusting for people who look a lot alikeeither doppelgangers (长相极相似的人), whom the machine would have trouble identifying as two separate people, or the same person who appeared in different ph
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