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Word PowerFiction short storynovel (science fiction / romance)only a few charactersa simple plotmany charactersa complex plotpopularCategory of literatureDescriptionFictionpoetrydramahas a repeated rhythmfocuses on feelingstells a story through action and speech first written and then performed on stageCategory of literature DescriptionNon-fictionnews article/news story biography autobiography in a newspaperreports factual informationdescribes the life of a persondescribes the authors own lifeCharles Dickens Dickens, Charles John Huffam (1812-1870), English novelist and one of the most popular writers in the history of literature. In his enormous body of works, Dickens combined masterly精巧的 storytelling, humor, pathos, (文学、人生等引起的)悲怆,怜悯,同情 and irony with sharp social criticism and acute observation of people and places, both real and imagined. Keats, John(1795-1821), English poet, and an influential figure of the romantic movement. Keats was born in London. Keatss first published poems appeared in 1816 in the Examiner, a literary periodical edited by the essayist and poet Leigh Hunt. Keatss first book was Poems by John Keats(1817). His second volume, Endymion (1818), was attacked by two of the most influential critical magazines of the time, the Quarterly Review and Blackwoods Magazine. John KeatsWilliam Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564 on April the 23rd. His father was an important man in town so Shakespeare had a good upbringing. Shakespeare probably went to school but not university. Shakespeare wrote 38 plays and 154 sonnets (a sonnet is a kind of poem). He began working in his home town of Stratford but by 1592 was writing in London. He became rich enough to buy a house in the capital and one in Stratford. William ShakespeareKatherine Mansfield was born in Wellington, New Zealand, into a middle-class colonial family. At the age of nine she had her first text published. As a first step to her rebellion against her background, she withdrew to London in 1903 and studied at Queens College, where she joined the staff of the College Magazine. In 1908 she studied typing and bookkeeping at Wellington Technical College. Her lifelong friend Ida Baker persuaded Mansfields father to allow Katherine to move back to England, with an allowance of 100 a year. Katherine MansfieldMatch the writers with suitable works according to part BKatherine MansfieldWilliam ShakespeareJohn KeatsCharles Dickens Great ExpectationsMiss BrillOde to NightingaleRomeo and Juliet英语否定 examples structures conclusionsFor example typesPART 1 examples1.I do notthink so.2.I have never seen the film.3.I do not like either of the films. 4.The problems remained unsettled.1).助动词助动词+not 2).全否定词全否定词+肯定谓肯定谓语部分语部分全体否定全体否定全体否定是百分之百全体否定是百分之百地否认一个事物的存地否认一个事物的存在、成立或真实性。在、成立或真实性。表示全体否定的否定表示全体否定的否定词有词有:no, not, nothing,nobody, none,nowhere, never, neither, nor, not.nearly, not.half, 以及以及not.possible 等等. structuresconclusions3).not+any/anyone/anybody/anything/anywhere/either4). 带否定词缀的词带否定词缀的词typesPART 2 1.It is not uncommon to find her reading the newspaper.=It is quite common to find her reading the newspaper.2.Unless you read the novel yourself, you will never know what happens at the end.）把否定词）把否定词notnot放在带放在带有否定前缀的单词前面：有否定前缀的单词前面：这类双重否定形式，是这类双重否定形式，是一种委婉说法，削弱了一种委婉说法，削弱了句子意义，语气通常比句子意义，语气通常比单纯的肯定句弱。单纯的肯定句弱。 2)2)用否定跟含否定意义的用否定跟含否定意义的连接连接unless, until, butunless, until, but等词连用，构成双重否定，等词连用，构成双重否定，用来表示强烈的肯定用来表示强烈的肯定。双重否定双重否定 双重否定是指双重否定是指两个否定成分两个否定成分限定同一个词限定同一个词或词素；或是或词素；或是一个否定词否一个否定词否定另一个否定定另一个否定词，取得肯定词，取得肯定意义的表达形意义的表达形式。式。否定之否否定之否定成为肯定，定成为肯定，这是合乎逻辑这是合乎逻辑的。的。examples structurestypes conclusionsPART 3 1.Not many people heard the speech=Very few people heard the speech. 2.Not all he said was to the point. 3.I cant see everybody.1.not+many/much/very much/some/a phrase of time, distance or a noun phrase including quantities.2.not+all/both/each/everybody/everything部分否定部分否定含有总括含义含有总括含义的词的词,用于否定用于否定句时句时,只否定一只否定一部分，而不是部分，而不是完全否定完全否定.如如all, everybody everything, always, both, wholly 等词与等词与not连用时连用时,在在汉语中译为汉语中译为“不全是不全是”“不总是不总是”等等.4.I dont wholly agree with you.3. .以一般否定句的形式以一般否定句的形式出现，即把否定主语的出现，即把否定主语的 notnot与谓语动词放在一与谓语动词放在一起。起。examples structurestypes conclusionsPART 4 1.I wonder whether/if I shouldnt bring an umbrella.=I wonder whether/if I should bring an umbrella.2.I wouldnt be surprised if they didnt move soon.=.I wouldnt be surprised if they moved soon主句主句+ whether/if引导引导的否定的否定陈述陈述 将否定词和将否定词和whether/if连用连用,来表达对于某来表达对于某种情况的疑虑种情况的疑虑, 常用常用于口语中于口语中.I wonder whether/if 一般一般用于表达个人的用于表达个人的决定决定I wouldnt be surprised if一般一般不用于表达个人不用于表达个人的决定的决定if从句从句中的中的附加附加否定否定examples structures types conclusionsPART 5 1.Pip can hardly wait to begin his new life.2.The classis are far from disappearing.3.Pips sister seldom has a kind word to say4.Unless you read the novel yourself, you will never know what happens at the end.含有否定意义的词汇与结构含有否定意义的词汇与结构 1.1.动词及短语动词及短语动词动词： fail (+to do.), miss, ignore prevent/keep/ protect .from等等2.名词名词:absence, failure, refusal等等3.形容词形容词: few, little, free (from), far from等等4.副词副词:hardly, seldom等等5.介词：介词： above, beneath, below, out (of) 等等6.连词：连词：unless, before, or 等等7.7.结构结构: : tooto 太太(以致于以致于)不不 ratherthan “宁愿宁愿而不而不”等等隐性否定隐性否定隐性否定是隐性否定是一种一种有意无有意无形形的含蓄否的含蓄否定定,常用含常用含否定词的单否定词的单词词,词组词组,句句型等来表示型等来表示否定意义否定意义.这种否定意这种否定意义用法隐藏义用法隐藏在句子的深在句子的深层含义中层含义中.5.The fortune sets him free from financial worries.6.Joe would rather die than see any harm cometo pip.examples structurestypesconclusionsExercises:1._ our monitor comes, we wont be able to go the park. A. Without B. Unless C. ExceptD. Even2. -Which would you like, coffee or tea? -_. I prefer wine. A. Both B. Either C. NoneD. Neither3. Hardly _ when it began to rain hard. A. had he arrivedB. arrived he C. he had arrivedD. did he arrive4. We could see _ but waves across the ocean. A. anything B. something C. everythingD. nothing5. _ that they had made an important discovery in science. A. Little they realized B. They had realized little C. Little did they realize D. Little had they realized6. _ have they seen a better football match like this. A. Everywhere B. Nowhere else C. Everywhere elseD. No where7. Not a single word _ at the beginning of the meeting yesterday. A. did the shy girl say B. has the shy girl said C. the shy girl said D. the shy girl has said8. No sooner _ than it began to snow heavily. A. the game began B. has the game begun C. did the game begin D. had the game begun9. _ their homework, the children had to go on with it. A. Having not finished C. Not finished B. Not having finished D. Not to finish10. I dont suppose it will take long, _? A. will itB. wont it C. do ID. dont I11. He spent five hours repairing the bike. The work was _ simple. A. nothing butB. anything but C. something but D. all but12. You _ be too careful when crossing the street. A. can B. cannot C. must D. mustnt13. These workers _ working until 12 oclock last night. A. had stoppedB. not stopped C. didnt stop D. had never stopped14. If you dont go out for walk, _. A. neither do IB. neither will I C. neither I doD. neither I will15. -How much salt did you put in the soup? - Im sorry to say, _. I forgot. A. not muchB. nothing C. noneD. no 1. If Joes wife wont go to the party, _. A. he will either B. neither will he C. he neither will D. either he will 2. I. Multiple choice more()than的结构后接can/could。从翻译角度讲，more()than可理解为not，表示否定，整个结构可译为“是所不能” 3. His mother had talked to him for many minutes while he was watching TV, but . A. a little did he hear B. little did he hear C. little heard he D. a little heard he 4. During the war, but also he lost his wife and his child. A. not was his job in the lab taken away B. not only was his job in the lab taken away C. not merely his job in the lab was taken away D. not just was taken away his job in the lab 5. I think this is the first time that we have met. anywhere. A. Before have we never seen each other B. Never before we have seen each other C. Each other have we seen never before D. Never before have we seen each other 6. The old man wouldnt stay at home for a rest even if it rained. . He would feel sick if he stayed home for one day. A. So would my grandpa B. So wouldnt my grandpa C. Neither would my grandpa D. Nor wouldnt my grandpa 7. By no means to our plan for the trip. A. will she agree B. she will agree C. agrees she D. will agree she 8. They went into a small house but _. A. no persons did they find B. not a person found they C. not a person did they find D. not a person they found1. serve (P8)verb T in a shop, restaurant or hotel, to deal with a customer by taking their order, showing or selling them goods etc: 服务服务,接待接待Are you being served, madam?Thats the restaurant where they refused to serve Giles because he was so rude.to provide food or drinks: 提供食物提供食物,饮料等饮料等Do they serve meals in the bar?All recipes in this book, unless otherwise stated, will serve (= be enough for) 4 to 5 people.verb T to provide with something that is needed: 提提供所需之物供所需之物Londons hospitals, so says the report, are out of touch with the communities that they serve.to work for; to do your duty to: 服务服务,工作工作,服服役役He served in the army in India for twenty years.She has served on the committee for the last fifteen years.He served under Harold Wilson as Transport Minister. service noun U the act of dealing with a customer in a shop, restaurant or hotel by taking their order, showing or selling them goods, etc: 服务服务,接待接待 The only trouble with this caf is that the service is so slow. C a system or organization that provides for a basic public need: 公用事业公用事业 the ambulance/health/postal/prison serviceservant nounpublic servant/servant of the state a person who works for the government:公务员公务员Public servants should be incorruptible.in service in use:The battleship has been in service since 1965. 1. (2007天津）天津） A new _ bus service to Tianjin Airport started to operate two months ago. A. normal B. usual C. regular D. common 2. My friend, who _ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month. (2006 浙江浙江) A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served3. If you are feeling so tired, perhaps a little sleep would _. (2004 浙江浙江)A. act B. help C. serve D. last2. raise (P9)verb T 1) to take care of a person, or an animal or plant, until they are completely grown: 抚养抚养Her parents died when she was a baby and she was raised by her grandparents.The farmer raises (= breeds) chickens and pigs.The soil around here isnt good enough for raising (= growing) crops.2) to cause something to increase or become bigger, better, higher, etc: 抬高抬高, 提提高高I had to raise my voice (= speak more loudly) to make myself heard over the noise.Our little chat has raised my spirits (= made me feel happier).3) to lift something to a higher position: 举举起起Would all those in favor please raise their hands?3. abuse (P9)verb T to use or treat someone or something wrongly or badly, especially in a way that is to your own advantage: 虐待虐待She is continually abusing her position/authority by getting other people to do things for her.to speak to someone rudely or cruelly: 辱骂辱骂The crowd started abusing him after he failed to save a goal. noun Urude and offensive words said to another person: 辱骂辱骂 He hurled (a stream/torrent of) abuse at her (= He said a lot of rude and offensive things to her). child abuse noun U when adults intentionally treat children in a cruel or violent way 虐待儿童虐待儿童4. get caught (P9)verb L + past participle getting, got, got or US gotten sometimes used instead of be to form the passive:I got shouted at by some idiot for walking past his house.Theyre getting married later this year.This window seems to have got broken.1. (2007北京）北京）I got caught in the rain and my suit_.A. has ruined B. had ruined C. has been ruined D. had been ruined2. (2003 北京北京)_ David and Vicky _married?For about three years. AHow long were being BHow long have gotCHow long have been DHow long did get 3. (2002 全国春全国春) How are the team playing? Theyre playing well, but one of them _ hurt. A. got B. gets C. are D. were 4. (2001 全国全国) As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends. A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed5. pressure (P9)press verb I or T; usually + adverb or preposition to push something firmly, often without causing it to move permanently further away from you: 按按,压压Press the button to start the machine.He pressed his face against the window.Can you press a bit harder on my shoulders, please?The crowd pressed against the locked doors trying to get into the building.T to make clothes smooth by ironing them: 熨烫熨烫Ill just press these trousers.T to put a weight on fruit in order to remove the juice: 榨汁榨汁to press grapesT to make a record or CD: 制唱片制唱片Over 3000 copies of the CD were pressed and sent some out to college radio stations.T to make something flat and firm by putting it under something heavy: 压扁压扁The children pressed some flowers.to try hard to persuade someone to do something: 强迫强迫,迫使迫使+ object + to infinitive The committee pressed him to reveal more information.Hes pressing me for an answer.Can I press you further on (= persuade you to say more about) this issue?noun C usually singular a firm push against something using the fingers: 按按,压压To start the machine, just give this button a press.S when you make cloth smooth with an iron: 熨烫熨烫Can you give this shirt a quick press?C a piece of equipment which is used to put weight on something in order to crush it, remove liquid from it or to make it flat:a garlic/trouser/wine press nounU the force you produce when you press something: 压力压力He put too much pressure on the door handle and it snapped.You can stop bleeding by applyingpressure close to the injured area.pressurepressure nounC or U the force that a liquid or gas produces when it presses against an area: 水压，气压水压，气压gas/water pressureThe new material allows the company to make gas pipes which withstand higher pressures.The gas is stored under pressure (= in a container which keeps it at a higher pressure than it would usually have).U when someone tries to make someone else do sth. by arguing, persuading, etc: 压力压力(抽象抽象)public/political pressureTeachers are under increasing pressure to work longer hours.+ to infinitive Pressure to abandon the new motorway is increasing.Shes putting pressure on him (= trying to persuade him) to get married.Be nice to himhes been under a lot of pressure recently.Life is tough in the city. In order to lose their _, some people drink alcohol. (2003 上海上海)A. temper B. mood C. consciousness D. pressures 6. threat (P9)noun C a suggestion that something unpleasant or violent will happen, especially if a particular action or order is not followed: 威胁威胁+ to infinitive She carried out her threat to throw away any clothes that were left on the floor.Drunken drivers pose a serious threat (= cause a lot of harm) to other road users. be under threat of sth.to be in a situation where people are threatening you with something bad or unpleasant: 在在的威胁之下的威胁之下 She left the country under threat of arrest if she returned.T to tell someone that you will kill or hurt them, or cause problems for them if they do not do what you want: 威胁威胁They threatened the shopkeeper with a gun.+ to infinitive They threatened to kill him unless he did as they asked.threatenverb I If something bad threatens to happen, it is likely to happen: 预兆预兆,征兆征兆 Look at those clouds! Theres a storm threatening. T to be likely to cause harm or damage to something or someone: 对对造成威胁造成威胁 Changing patterns of agriculture are threatening the countryside.Her brother _ to leave her in the dark room alone when she disobeyed his order. (2001 上海上海)A. declared B. threatenedC. warned D. exclaimed
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