初中英语语法名词课堂PPT

名名 词词名词（名词（n.）：）：概念：概念：表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。念等的名称的词。 根据其词汇意义，根据其词汇意义，名词可分为名词可分为专有名词专有名词和和普通名词普通名词。名词：nouns专有名词专有名词: 指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。具体说来，它包括人名、国家、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。Jim 吉姆 China 中国 Mr. Smith 史密斯先生July 七月 Friday 星期五 the Yellow River 黄河Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语 A Tale of Two Cities 双城记注：1、专有名词第一个字母必须大写,专有名词前一般不加冠词。2、由普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”，但它不大写。普通名词普通名词：指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。v1）个体名词：某类人或东西中的个体，如 fighter, gun, country，cup, desk, student等。一般可数，有单复数可数，有单复数形式。v2）集体名词：若干个体组成的集合体，如 family, team, police, class等。一般可数，有单复数可数，有单复数形式v3）物质名词：无法分为个体的实物，如 cotton，tea, air等。一般不可数，没有单复数不可数，没有单复数之分。v4）抽象名词：动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness，love, work, life等。一般不可数，没有单复数不可数，没有单复数之分。 可数名词都有单数和复数之分；可数名词都有单数和复数之分； 不可数名词没有复数形式。不可数名词没有复数形式。 名词的数名词的数可数名词的数可数名词的数 1.规则的可数名词的复数变化规则：规则的可数名词的复数变化规则： （1）一般在词尾加-s清辅音后读/s/ ，浊辅音后读/z/ 例如（books，mouths，houses，girls等）。（2）以-s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾的加-es 读/iz/ 例如： (boxes buses dishes watches) （3）以-y结尾的：辅音字母加y结尾，改y为i再加-es； （cities，countries，parties，factories等 ） 元音字母加y结尾，直接加-s (days,boys,toys,rays等) （4）部分以f或fe结尾的词：把f、fe改为v，再加-es （半片树叶自己黄，妻子拿刀去杀狼，架后小偷逃命忙） half leaf self wife knife wolf shelf thief life 直接 + s 的名词：roofs, proofs ,gulfs, beliefs等。 (5)以 o 结尾的词 +es：heroes，Negroes，tomatoes potatoes等。 以 o 结尾 +s：zoos, photos, bamboos, radios,pianos等。vmonth- family-vBoy- country-vBox-vMatch-vradio，zoo，bamboo，piano，kilo，photo ,leaf，life，wolf vClass- 2.不规则的可数名词的变化规则：不规则的可数名词的变化规则： 1）改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如：man men, woman women, Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmenman men, woman women, Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen tooth teeth, foot feet, goose geese mouse mice, child children, ox oxen等。 注意：以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化. man servantmen servants. man driver-men driver woman doctorwomen doctors. (boy/girl students) 2）单复数形式相同单复数形式相同. 如如:sheep, deer, fishsheep, deer, fish ,Chinese, Japanese, SwissChinese, Japanese, Swiss, works, means等， 以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如：Yuan.3）以）以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如：Americans, Asians, Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans, Normans等 (walkmans, humans)注意： Fish作鱼讲时单复数同形可数；This is a fish . 作鱼肉讲时，不可数; There is not much fish on the plate. 作各种鱼类讲时后面必须加-es构成复数 He raises a lot of fish in the pool. 3、复合名词的复数形式复合名词的复数形式: 1)主体名词变化主体名词变化son-in-law-sons-in-law , father-in-law-fathers-in-lawlooker-on-lookers-on, passer-by-passers-byStory-teller-story-tellers, boy friend-boy friends2)无主题名词将最后一部分变成复数无主题名词将最后一部分变成复数grow-up-grow-ups housewife-housewives 4、字母字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加 “ s ”或或 “ s”： There are two ls in the word “ all ”. Your 7s and 9s look alike. It happened in the 1960s /1960s. I will not accept your ifs and buts.5、物质名词一般没有复数物质名词一般没有复数，但如下情况除外： A. 用复数形式表示不同种类： wheats, fruits, vegetables. B. 表示比原文更广的词义： woodwoods, waterwaters, sandsands.6、定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人：定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人：the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs.7、一些集体名词一些集体名词people, police，cattle, staff 总是作复数： Several police were on duty.8、部分集体名词部分集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew 等单复数都有，但意义不同：The class is big.- The class are taking notes in English.The population in China is larger.- 80% of the population in China are peasants.9、hair 表示总体时是不可数表示总体时是不可数： His hair is grey。 如果表示若干根头发可以加复数词尾。如果表示若干根头发可以加复数词尾。 He had a few white hairs. 10、以以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics等；news也是如此。11、glasses， trousers，pants, chopsticks, shoes, scissors等常用复数；等常用复数；但如果这些词前用 a pair of / this pair of/that pair of等修饰时谓语动词有pair 来决定：Where are my glasses ？My new pair of trousers is too long. Here are some new pairs of shoes. (二二)不可数名词的数不可数名词的数 1 不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算，没有词形变化，只能借助数词和量词数词和量词来表示一定的数量来表示一定的数量，这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。 （注：可数与不可数是一个语法概念） 2 表示方法：“数词或冠词+量词（单数或复数）+of+不可数名词”a bottle of juicea glass of orangetwo boxes of milk不可数名词不可数名词v有些不可数名词在一定的上下文也可以用作可数名词，但往往意思也发生变化不可数可数iron铁an iron一个熨斗rubber橡胶an rubber一块橡皮glass玻璃two glasses两玻璃杯room空间、房间a room一个房间work工作a work工厂、著作beer啤酒a beer一杯啤酒3、物质名词在某些情况下可以变为可数名词，有复数形式。物质名词在某些情况下可以变为可数名词，有复数形式。（一）当物质名词转换为个体名词时当物质名词转换为个体名词时例如： Cake is a kind of food These cakes are delecious（二）当物质名词表示物质种类时当物质名词表示物质种类时例如：The factory produces steel We need various steels（三）当物质名词表示份数时当物质名词表示份数时例如： Our country is famous for tea Two teas ,please 4、抽象名词在一些固定词组中可用作可数名词抽象名词在一些固定词组中可用作可数名词例如： take a walk catch a cold v一些专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词变复一些专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词变复数后词义发生变化数后词义发生变化sand沙子sands沙滩cloth布clothes衣服arm胳膊arms武器paper纸张papers报纸【重点重点】 中考常考不可数名词中考常考不可数名词：information, weather, news, advice, fun等。说明说明：可数名词和不可数名词之间并没有截然的界限；可数名词可以转变为不数名词 ，同样不可数名词也可以转变为可数名词，要看清整个上下文的具体内容。v5）可数名词和不可数名词表示复数时，用于修饰他们表示数量的词也不能乱用，有些只能修饰可数名词；有些只能修饰不可数名词；还有一些都可以修饰修饰可数名词修饰不可数名词manymuch很多fewlittle很少a fewa little一些somesome一些plenty ofplenty of许多A lot of/lots of A lot of/lots of许多名词的所有格：名词的所有格：1、s 所有格：所有格： 1）构成：）构成： A. 一般词尾一般词尾+ s.the teachers office, Xiao Lis sisters husbands mother. B. 以以 s 结尾的复数名词只结尾的复数名词只+“ ” workers rest room C. 不以不以s结尾的复数名词加结尾的复数名词加s childrens toys. D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加 s my sister-in-laws brother. E. 表示共同所有的几个名词，只在最后一个词的后面表示共同所有的几个名词，只在最后一个词的后面加加s This is Tom, James and Dicks room. F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词，在每个名词后分别表示各个所有关系的几个名词，在每个名词后分别加加s Jennys, Jeans and Marys rooms face to the south. G. 名词短语只在最后一个词后加名词短语只在最后一个词后加 s a quarter of an hours talk.2）用法：A.名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词，表示所属关系： Lei Fengs dairy. B. 用于表示时间距离的名词： todays paper. an hours drive. Fridays work.C. 用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词： the countrys plan. the farms fruit. Chinas population.D. 用于表示由人组成的集体名词： our partys standE. 用于表示度量、价值的名词： two dollars worth of books. a pounds weight.2、of 所有格：1）凡不能用凡不能用s 属格的情况可用属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关属格表示所属关系系： the City of New York. a map of China. 2）下列情况通常要用下列情况通常要用of 属格：属格： 当名词有较长的定语时：当名词有较长的定语时： the name of the girl standing at the gate. Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday.3、双重所有格：、双重所有格： 当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词如 a, an, this, that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few ,another等修饰时，用双重所有格，双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的. a poem of Lu Xuns . a friend of his/hers . Which novel of Dickens are you reading ? some friends of my brothers . 4、几种特殊情况： the key to the door. answers to the question the entrance to the station / cinema tickets for the film / movie a check for $1500. 名词所有格所修饰的词的省略名词所有格所修饰的词的省略1、在某些句子中，名词所有格所修饰的词，往往可以省在某些句子中，名词所有格所修饰的词，往往可以省略略 Johns bike is better than Mikes.2、表示店铺、住家、公共建筑时，名词所有格后可省略表示店铺、住家、公共建筑时，名词所有格后可省略名词名词 the doctors Mr. Blacks 3 、the+姓氏复数，表示姓氏复数，表示“一家人一家人” the Smiths史密斯一家;4、年份前面加年份前面加the后面加后面加-s,表示年代，表示年代， 20世纪80年代， the 1980s 双重所有格: a friend of my sisters=one of my sisters friend, a picture of Mr. Li (s) 名词的用法名词的用法(5)v1 作主语(句子所要说明的动作或状态的主体，人或事) The students are playing football now.v2 作表语（放在系动词后表示主语的身份或特征） She is an English teacher.v3 作宾语，包括及物动词和介词的宾语 （表示及物动词动作的对象） We are studying maths now. He often reads the newspaper before supper.v4 作定语，主要修饰它后面的名词 （限定或修饰名词、代词） This is a grammar book. This is a bicycle factory.注：名词作定语时，除了man,woman用复数形式外，其他都不用复数形式，例如：a shoe shop, an apple tree,表示复数形式，two shoe shops, apple trees.v5 作状语，主要用来表示时间、距离、长度、重量、程度、方式或价格等。可以单独作状语，也可以是名词词组作状语 （修饰动词、形容词、副词，表示时间、地点、状态、程度等含义） The film lasted an hour. The box weighs 20 kilograms. I go to school every day.v6 作同位语We students must study hard.指点迷津指点迷津1. 1. Ten years _(is ,are) short time for me.Ten years _(is ,are) short time for me.2. 2. A pair of shoes _(is, are) under the bed.A pair of shoes _(is, are) under the bed.3. 3. The number of the students in our school _(is ,are) The number of the students in our school _(is ,are) 2,000.2,000.4. 4. The woman with two children _( is ,are ) coming The woman with two children _( is ,are ) coming here.here.5. 5. Neither he nor I _(are, am ) an American.Neither he nor I _(are, am ) an American.is isis isis isis isamam指点迷津指点迷津6. Maths _(are, is ) hard to learn for the boy.6. Maths _(are, is ) hard to learn for the boy.7. They are all _( woman, teachers ; 7. They are all _( woman, teachers ; women teachers).women teachers).8. The population of China _(are, is ) over 8. The population of China _(are, is ) over 1,300,000,000.1,300,000,000.9. There are many _(peoples,people )in the street in 9. There are many _(peoples,people )in the street in summer.summer.10. One of the students _(have, has) gone to 10. One of the students _(have, has) gone to Shanghai.Shanghai.is isis iswomen teacherswomen teacherspeoplepeoplehashas 1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are_. Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2.How far is your school from here？ Not very farIts about twenty walk. Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes 3. There are three in my family. A.people B. person C. child 4. Most students can go to college for further in our city. A. education B. information C.science 5. This is bedroom. The twin sister like it very much. A. Ann and Jane B. Ann and Janes C.Anns and Janes C C A A BThe Browns is going to visit China. ( )The Browns are going to visit China. ( )The young is dancing there. ( )The young are dancing there. ( )Physics are very difficult to learn. ( )Physics is very difficult to learn. ( )We have five Germen in this meeting. ( )We have five Germans in this meeting. ( )This is one of the English-Chinese dictionary. ( )This is one of the English-Chinese dictionaries. ( ) ( ) 1. Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of ( ) 2. This table is made of_. A. many glass B. some glasses C. glasses D. glass ( ) 3.Bill runs fast. He won the _ 800-metre race yesterday. Aboys Bboys Cboy Dboys . ( ) 4. Some _ came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies ( ) 5. In the picture there are many_ and two_. A. sheeps; foxes B. sheeps; foxes C. sheep; foxes D. sheep;foxs DDBAC选择填空：选择填空：( ) 6. This is not my cap, but my _. A. brothersB. brothersC. brothers D. brother ( )7.They write most of their_ in English. A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters BB( ) 8. _are_for cutting things. A. Knife, used B. Knives, using C. Knife, using D. Knives, used ( ) 9. John bought_for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes( ) 10.Excuse me, where is the_? A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms D. men rooms DAA根据所给单词的正确形式填空：根据所给单词的正确形式填空：1. Different people may have different _. (idea)2. I often go to work on . (foot)3. I know one of the . (boy)4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass)5. Please give them their . (photo)6. Are there any in the box? (watch)7. There are twelve in a year. (month)ideasfootboysglassesphotoswatchesmonths8. Would you like some ? (tomato)9. Look at those in the boats! (people)10. Look! The are singing. (woman)11. September 10th is Day. (teacher)12. Jim has some . (knife)13. How much are these ? (vegetable)14. My school is twenty _ walk from here. (minute) 15. The girl under the tree is a friend of_. (Lucy) LucysminutesvegetablestomatoespeoplewomenTeachersknives小结小结:1、名词的数的变化，以及不可数名词作主 语时的谓语。2、名词所有格的运用，双重所有格。3、名词的句法功能。4、名词的词型的变化。