第二部分第二讲代词和介词

第二讲代词和介词_f埼赢合f阮w 咎曲_心特髙即杰 汽、,学生用书P251)代词一、不定代词1. something , anything , nothing 的区另Usometh ing(1) 一般用于肯定句，表示“某事，某物”；被认为是重要的或值得注意的事；(2) 也可用于疑问句，表示请求、邀请、征询意见等。anything(1) 表示 任何东西，任何事物，般用于否疋句、疑冋句或条件句；(2) 也可用于肯定句，当“任何事情”讲；(3) anything but 根本不。nothing表示 役有什么，役有 件东西，常用于陈述句，表示否定意义。 (2014 高考新课标全国卷 I )True creativity is the ability to take something existing and create something new from it.真正的创造力是一种利用现成的东西并从中创作出新的东西的 能力。 (2014 高考浙江卷)While staying in the village , James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything in return.在村子里待的那段时间，詹姆斯无私地同村民分享他所拥有的一切，而不要任何东西作 为回报。2. none , nothing , no one/nobody 的用法比较nonenone既指人也指物， 后面可接of短语，一般用来回答 how many, how much和which的提问。nothingnothing只指事物，后面不能接of短语，用来回答 what的提冋。no one/n obodyno one和nobody只指人不指物，其后不接of短语，一般回答 who的提冋。 （2015 东莞调研）一How much bread is there?还有多少面包？Nonewish you could offer me some.一一一点也没有了。我希望你能给我一些。 （2015河南豫北三校高三联考 ）一What have you been doing today?今天你都干了什么？Oh , nothing special, just hanging around.一一哦，没有什么特别的，只是闲逛。3. the other , other, an other , others 的用法比较the otherthe other可单独使用，特指两个人或物中的“另一个”；也可修饰名词表示“另外的”。otherother不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义。可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代ano ther替或修饰单数可数名词。另外an other后可接 基数词/few +复数名词 形式，表示“另外的（多少）”。others单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现；特指其他的全部人或事物时用the others。 I spend half of my holiday practising English and the other half learning drawing.我准备把我假日时间的一半用来练习英语，另一半时间学习绘画。 （2015 齐鲁名校联合测试 ）The microblog has become another classroom for me , and theteachers are all big names in academia.微博已成为我的第二课堂，这里的老师们都是学术界的 大师级人物。 （2014 高考新课标全国卷 I ）Understanding how others feel can be a challenge for kids. 明白别人的想法对于孩子们来说可能是一个难题。4. it, that , one的用法比较it特指前面提到过的冋一个人 或者物。I can tfind my hat , I don t know where I put it.thatthat用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不（2015 济南模拟）The basic design of the car is very similar to that of the earlier model.可数名词，相当于the+单数/ 不可数名词。 The scenery in the souther n mountains is quite differe nt from that of the city in the n orth.one指代前面出现过的那类事物 中的“ 一个”，其复数形式为 on es。 Weve bee n look ing for a cheap house but have ntfo und one yet. Mr.Zha ng gave me a veryvaluable present, one( = a present) that I had n ever see n. The book on the desk is bettertha n the one (= the book) un der the desk.5.both , all, either , any , neither , none 的用法都任何都不两者botheithern either二者或二者以上allanynone 一Would you like tea or coffee?你要喝茶还是咖啡？Neither , thanks.一一都不要，谢谢。 (2014高考重庆卷)We both got tired of each other.我们两个都相互厌倦。二、指示代词的用法1. this , these, that, those 的用法this与these往往指时间或空间较近的人或物；that与those指时间或空间较远的人或物。Is there any way of solving these problems?有什么解决这些问题的方法吗？2. such , so的用法(1) such指如前所述的这样的人或物。Such is Cao Mao Sister, a diligent farmer with great passions in music. 这就是草帽姐，一个 勤劳同时又对音乐有很大热情的农民。(2) so作指示代词时，代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情，一般用在believe, th ink , expect,suppose, imagi ne, guess, hope 等后面，女口 I think so./I don th ink so.。Is he coming toni ght?一一他今晚来吗？I thi nk so./I don th ink so.我想是的。/我认为他不来。三、it的用法it作形式主语或形式宾语代指不定式、动词-ing形式、名词性从句。 He didnt make it clear when and where the meet ing would be held. Its no use complaining without takingactio n.表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词后面接it,构成固疋结构，这类动词有enjoy, prefer,love, like , hate, dislike , appreciate 等。（2015皖北协作区高三联考 ）一A lovely day , isn t it ?Yes.I love it when the weather is like this.Why not go out for a walk ?when it comes to.当提及至U When it comes to saving energy, big changes start with small steps , like turning off the lights.make it成功；确定时间为 （后接时间类名词）；as it is事实上；照原样；get it明白了；take it for gran ted that.认为是理所当然的Sarah made it to the airport just in time to catch her pla ne this morning.一、常考介词归纳1. against（表示方位）依靠着；碰，撞；反对；以为背景，衬托；预防（2014高考江苏卷）She fought against her American identity.她和自己的美国身份抗争。2. off（表示位置）在的外面，在的沿海；（表示时间）在之前；（表示方向）从通向，偏离，从离开（2014 高考四川卷）ln fact, they re hard to spot, because they usually fly off when they hear huma ns approachi ng.事实上，很难发现它们，因为听到有人靠近时它们通常会飞走。3. by不迟于；在旁边；到为止；按照，根据；通过方式；增减的幅度（2014 高考新课标全国卷 I ）By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.无论将来情况如何，通过帮助他们发展可以为他们很好服务的 经典技能。4. beyond（时间）过了，比晚，迟于；（位置）在另一边，超出之外；（表示程度）为 所不及，超出的范围No one hopes that the situation between China and Japan is beyond control due to the Diaoyu Islands.没人希望中日关系因钓鱼岛事件失控。5with和在一起；带有，拥有；随着；用工具；就来说；对于，关于；（表示原因）由于，因为（2014 高考陕西卷）The Scottish girl with blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Co ntest那个蓝眼睛的苏格兰女孩在第五届汉语演讲比赛中获得了一等奖。6over在上方；越过；超过；（表示时间或过程）在期间（2014 高考新课标全国卷 n ）. .Simon lowered his friend over the edge of a precipice（峭壁）.西蒙把他的朋友顺到了一个峭壁边上。7. for为了； 代表； 因为， 由于； 对于， 关于， 在方面； 以为代价； 赞成， 支持； 就 而言。（2014 高考山东卷）She decl ined and in stead went to work for Sedgewick.她拒绝了，而是为 Sedgewick 做事。二、介词短语和介词的固定搭配1 . at 名词at sea 茫然，在大海上； at will 任意地； at work 在上班； at lunch 在吃午饭； at table 在吃 饭；at peace处于和平状态2. by +名词by accident 偶然地； by chance 碰巧； by mistake 错误地； by the way 顺便说3. beyond 名词beyond description 难以形容； beyond words 无法用语言形容； beyond doubt 无疑； beyond onerseach 够不着4. in 名词in adva nee 在前头，事先，预先； in case以防，万一；in charge 主管，看管； in com mon 共有，共同； in demand 很需要； in order 按顺序，井然有序，情况良好； in progress 进行中； in return 作为回报； in turn 依次，转而； in vain 徒劳； in shape 健康状况良好5. on +名词on purpose 故意地； on leave 在休假； on holiday 在度假； on sale 出售； on time 准时； on the air 正在广播； on the other hand 另一方面（2014 高考江西卷 ）Starti ng your own bus in ess could be a way to achievi ng finan cial independence.On the other hand ， it could just put you in debt.开始你自己的事业可能是一种获得经济独立的方法。另一方面，它可能将你置于债务之 中。6. under 名词under construction 在建设中； under consideration 在考虑中； under repair 在修理中7. out of 名词out of breath 上气不接下气； out of balanee 失去平衡； out of date 过时； out of patienee 不 耐烦； out of control 失去控制； out of touch 失去联系8. in 名词 ofin case of 如果； in fear of 担心，害怕； in honour of 为纪念， 对表示敬意； in memoryof为纪念;in place of代替；in search of寻找，寻求；in sight of在看得见的地方；in support of 支持，支援；in face of 面对；in exchange of 与交换；in terms of 就而言；in view of鉴于，根据9. 其他常考介词短语for the sake of 为了； on behalf of 代表；apart from 除了； in addition to 除了； on the basis of以为基础（2014 高考天津卷 ）In addition to the school, the village has a clinic , which was also built with government support.除了学校，村庄里还有一个诊所，该诊所也是在政府的资助下建起来的。专项钏综涉涉为管自我检刚査缺补漏,学生用书P254）I .用适当的介词完成下列句子1. （2014 高考北京卷 ）Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaveshalf an hour.答案：in2. （2014 高考重庆卷）She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost wenttheroad.答案：off3. （2014 高考江西卷）lt is unbelievable that Mr.Lucas leads a simple lifehisgreat wealth.答案：despite4. （2014 高考浙江卷 ）People won pay attention to you when they still have a lot of ideas oftheir own cryingexpressi on.答案：for5. （2013 高考陕西卷 ）The manager wants to see changes in the company , and I am sure hewilltime.答案：in6. （2013 高考新课标全国卷 n ）A serious study of physics is impossiblesomekno wledge of mathematics.答案：without7. Those wine bottles areof place in the children plasroom.I will take them out in no time.答案：out8. view of the weather , our school sports meet has to be held in the in door stadium.答案：In9. This experie nee teaches me a less on: Never judge a pers on simplythe basis of the first impressi on.答案：on10. The young sin ger is quite popular the public.Shemade a remarkable achievement for a girl of her age.答案： with11 Do you know any other foreign language English?答案： besides12The play begins at 6 ：40 pm.So we have to be at the theatre 6 ：30 pm.atthe latest.答案： by13 His movie won several awards at the film festival ， which was his wildestdreams.答案： beyond14Workers approaching retirement should be saving more ，not less，as a result low rate of interest.答案： of15 It is dangerous to judge the basis of first impressions.答案： on16 top of their cultures ， Americans have taken over from the Indians manyother things.答案： On17 The girl a red dress is my sister ， and the red dress looks beautiful on her.答案： in18 terms of character teaching ，storytelling is one of the best ways to get yourpoints across， especially to young kids.答案： In19 David was always his best in any danger ， but at that moment he froze.答案： at20His cellphone ，which cost him hundreds of dollars last year ，is of order andneeds repairing， though it still looks new.答案： outn .根据所给汉语提示，用适当的代词填空1. （2014高考安徽卷）你可以向任何一个人求助，这里的每一个人都愿意帮助你。You can ask anyone for help. here is willing to lend you a hand.答案： Everyone2. （2014高考浙江卷）去年平均降雨量仅为18.75厘米，使其成为自1850年加利福尼亚 州成立以来最干旱的一年。An average of just 18.75cm of rain fell last year ， making the driest year sinceCalifornia became a state in 1850.答案： it3. （2014高考江苏卷）优秀的家庭对其成员们来说意味着很多，但并不是一切。Good families are much to all their members ， but to none.答案： everything4. （2013高考陕西卷）尽管Rosemary多年来遭受严重的疾病折磨，但是她从没有失去对 生活的热情。Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years ， she lost ofher enthusiasm for life.答案： none5. （2013高考四川卷）主街上交通灯的绿灯指示时间比小街上的绿灯指示时间长。The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than on the small ones.答案： that6. 新科技使以更快的速度、更低的成本生产新产品成为可能。New technologies have made possible to turn out new products faster and at alower cost.答案： it7. 我在什么地方等你，在家还是在学校？ Where shall I wait for you ， at home or at school? 都可以，你说了算。 . It is up to you.答案： Either8. 如果你能开车送我进城，我将很感激。I dappreciate if you could drive me downtown.答案： it9. 你能过来帮我再找一把剪刀吗？ Would you come and help me find another pair of scissors? 为什么是我？汤姆一整天都无所事事。 Why ？ Tom has nothing to do all day.答案： me10 .迈克，你今天的状态似乎不太好。 Mike ，you dont seem to be quite today.我昨晚几乎没有睡，我在准备一个报告。 Well ， I hardly slept last night.I was preparing for a report. 答案： yourself11. 绝不能嘲笑别人的失败，因为没有人喜欢被嘲笑。Never laugh at the failure of ， because enjoys being laughed at.答案： others； nobody12 . Lily 是唯一注意到我进教室的人，所有其他人都沉浸在阅读中。Lily was the only person who noticed me coming into the classroom， allabsorbed in reading.答案： the others13. 简 爱的作者夏洛蒂 勃朗特一生写了好几部小说，其中有一本是在她去世四年后 的 1859 年才出版的。Charlotte Bront? ， the author of JaneEyre ， wrote several novels in life ， one of published in 1859 ， four years after her death.答案： them14. 经理拒绝接受三个建议中的任何一个。The manager refused to accept of the three suggestions.答案： any15. 你的家庭作业完成多少了？ How much homework have you finished? 一点也没有做。 No ， 答案： none16这周我们将举行一次模拟考试，下周我们还将再举行两次模拟考试。We are going to have one model test this week and two the next week.答案： another 17在黎巴嫩近一半的人认为一位妇女不带头巾出现在公共场合是可以接受的。Nearly half in Lebanon agree that is acceptable for a woman to appear inpublic without a headscarf.答案： it18一些人平稳流畅，其他人则跌跌撞撞，大概是喝醉了。Some people moved in silky ，liquid movements ， were jerky ，probably drunk.答案： others19当人们真正累了的时候，什么也不能阻止他们睡觉 无论什么事。When people are really tired ， will stop them from falling asleep whatever itis.答案： nothing20你可以从两个选题中任选一个，但不要同时都选。You can choose of the topics ， but do not attempt both.答案： either 川.语篇填空 在下列空格中填入适当的代词。If you know me well ，you would know I don t like birthday parties.At least ，I dont like birthday parties given for 1. I enjoy them when they froer 2.，butwhen they re for me，I just dont like 3. I remember one birthday party some friends of 4. had for me when I was astudent at the university.Of course ，I had told 5. best friend Henry that I didn wtanta party and I made him promise he wouldn dto 6. He agreed.I should have knownbetter than to believe 7. On the day of my birthday ，we got home from school at about ，oh，I dont know ， three or half past three.We went inside and as usual 8.went into the bathroom and started toclose the door when suddenly from behind the shower curtain （浴帘 ）， a kind of strange female voice started singing ，“ Happy birthday to you.Happy birthday to you. ”And then from all over the room， people joined in.There were about fifteen people hiding everywhere in the room.9 had got my roommate ksey and got in earlier.They had all planned to comeout of the hiding place just at the same time while singing.I guess I really upset their plans by going in just to wash 10.hands.1 解析： 根据句子内容可知，作者在此指本人。答案： me2 解析： 根据下文的 dont like 可知，作者不喜欢为自己举办的生日聚会，而是喜欢给 他人举办的生日聚会。答案： others3 解析： 根据前面的 when theyre for me 可知，我不喜欢为自己举办的生日聚会。 答案： them4 解析： 根据英语双重所有格的表示法可知，此处用名词性物主代词。答案： mine5 解析： 从后面的 friend 可以看出，此处用形容词性物主代词。答案： my6解析：从前面的 I made him promise he wouldn tdo 可推知， 我让他答应不做任何事情。 答案： anything7 解析： 根据语境可知，作者对自己相信他而感到自责。答案： him8 解析： 根据语境可知，指我像往常一样进入浴室。答案： I9 解析： 指朋友拿到了我室友的钥匙，提前进入了我的房间。答案： They10 解析： 指作者自己的手。答案： myIV .语法填空阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于 3个单词 )或括号内单词的正确形式。Christmas is no fun when you repoor.Twenty years ago I was a young ，1.(struggle) ，substitute teacher whose calls into work had been few.Money wastight ， bills were due 2. my wife and I couldn etven afford to get Christmas gifts foreach other.The only gifts we could get for our children were a few soft toys that I had found3. (sell) at half price in the supermarket.I opened the door and brought in the gifts I4. (hide) in our old car s trunk.Then I handed 5.(they) to my son anddaughter.I watched with a sad smile as they did their best to tear off the wrapping( 包装纸 )As they pulled out their toys ，though，I noticed their 6. (eye) lit up and they jumped up anddown.My daughter 7.(happy) hugged her toy and then hugged her Mom and me aswell.I laughed as I watched my children play with their toys8. hours，and I thanked God for the 9.(great) gift I had ever been given.Till todayI still treasure 10. gift of pure love that my son and daughter gave me that day.1 .解析：分析句子成分可知设空处与 you ng, substitute并列作teacher的定语，teacher与struggle 为逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词作定语。答案： struggling2解析： “ Money was tight ，bills were due ”与“ my wife and I couldn t even afford to getChristmas gifts for each other ” 为两个分句，这两个分句之间为顺承关系或因果关系，故答案 为 and 或 so。答案： and/so3 解析： “that I had found (sell) at half price in the supermarket. ”为定语从句，先行词为toys,将先行词代入定语从句后为I had found a few soft toys(sell) at half pricein the supermarket.由此可见设空处作宾补，toys与sell为逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词形式。答案： sold4解析：“ I (hide) in our old car s trunk. ” 为定语从句， 动词 hide 先于 brought in ，即 hide 表示“过去的过去 ”，故设空处用过去完成时。答案： had hidden5解析： 设空处用来指代上句的the gifts。答案： them6解析： 根据常识可知孩子们很高兴时，他们的 “眼睛 ”会露出喜色。答案： eyes7解析： 设空处需用副词作状语修饰谓语动词hugged。答案： happily8解析： 介词 for 与句中的 hours 连用，表示 “一段时间 ”。答案： for9. 解析：由后面的“had ever been given可判断设空处应为形容词最高级形式。答案： greatest10. 解析： 名词 gift 在本句中表示特指，故与定冠词连用。答案： the