动词时态语态

动词的时态和语态一、时态1.一般现在时(1)表述客观真理和客观存在及自然现象；表示习惯性，经常 性的动作，或经常存在的状态。常见的时间状语有：often， usually，always，sometimes，now and then等。 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东方升起，从西边落下。 We have meals three times a day. 我们一日三餐。(现在的习惯) He is always ready to help others. 他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)(2009天津高考)My parents_ in Hong Kong.They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.A.live B.livedC.were living D.will live(2)用于时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示将要发 生的动作。 If you work hard，you will succeed next year. 如果你努力，明年你就会成功。 What are you going to be when you grow up？ 你长大后干什么？(3)表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态。 There goes the bell.铃响了。2.一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常常给出过去的时间状语，如yesterday，last night，at that time等。2009全国卷)Edward，you play so well.But I_ you played the piano.A.didnt know B.hadnt knownC.dont know D.havent known3.一般将来时(1)be going to动词原形表示打算、计划、准备要做某事。 Im going to learn Japanese next year. 明年我打算学习日语。(2)beto do表示拟定或计划中将发生的行为或按职责、义 务必须去做的事情。 The meeting is to be held at 900 a.m. 会议预定上午九点开始举行。 You are to hand in your homework this afternoon. 今天下午你们必须交上作业。(3)“be about to do”表示即将发生的事，句中不使用表示将来的时间状语。 I am about to go to bed when the telephone rings. 我正要睡觉这时电话铃响了。(4)用一般现在时或现在进行时表示安排或计划好的将来的行为， 只限少数动词，如go，come，leave，start，begin，arrive， return等。 The train leaves the station at 715 a.m. 火车在上午715开。 Mr.Wang is leaving for Hangzhou tomorrow. 王先生明天出发去杭州。(5)be going to和will比较 will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的事， 不含任何具体时间，可以指遥远的将来，而be going to指 有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定会发生，通常表示很快 就要发生的事情。 I believe China will become one of the richest countries in the world. 我相信中国将会成为世界上最富有的国家之一。 There is going to be a quarrel between them，I think. 我认为他们之间即将发生争吵。4.过去将来时 表示就过去某一时间而言，将要发生的动作。 He said he would never come back again. 他说他再也不回来了。5.现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段，但 不一定是讲话时发生着的动作；表近期特定的安排或 计划；go，come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。 He is teaching English and learning Chinese. 他正教英语和学习汉语。2008重庆高考)Teenagers _ their health because they play computer games too much.A.have damaged B.are damagingC.damaged D.will damage(2)表示反复出现或习惯性动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗 憾等情绪，常与always，continually，constantly等连用。 He is always thinking of others first. 他总是先想到他人。 He is always making the same mistake. 6.过去进行时(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁 发生的动作。 He was watching TV at 9 oclock last night. 昨晚9点钟他正在看电视。(2010郑州一调)Didnt the guard see him breaking into the bank？No，he _ in the other direction.A.was looking B.had lookedC.looked D.is looking(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或 while引导的时间状语从句中。持续性动作用过去进行时， 短暂性动作用一般过去时。 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我弟弟骑自行车时从车子上摔了下来，伤了自己。 Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking. 当没人注意的时候，汤姆溜进屋来。 As she was reading the newspaper，Granny fell asleep. 奶奶读着报就睡着了。 The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.那位记者说，当他看到时，不明飞行物正在 自东向西飞行。7.现在完成时(1)表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结 果，着眼点在现在。通常与下列状语连用，如yet，just， before，lately，often，never，now，today等，但不能 同特定的过去时间状语连用(in 1993，last year等)。 Ive forgotten his telephone number. 我忘了他的电话号码了。(2)表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并可能继续 延续下去的动作。常同表示一段时间的状语连用，如so far， up to now，since，for the past (last) few years等。 He has worked here for over twenty years. 他在这里工作已有20多年了。 Up to now，we have received no news from her. 直到现在，我们还没收到她的消息。(2009全国卷)Progress_ so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.A.was B.had beenC.has been D.will be(3)This/It is the first/second timethat从句。that从句谓语 要用现在完成时。 This is the first time I have come here. 这是我第一次来这里。(4)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已 完成的动作。 I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.只有我亲自看到，我才会相信你的话。(强调“看 完”) I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work. 我干完了工作就和你一起去。(强调“干完”)8.过去完成时(1)过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成 的动作或已经存在的状态。句中常用by，before，until， when等词引导时间状语。 By the end of last year，we had built five new houses. 到去年末，我们已建了五座新房子。 I had learnt 5,000 words before I entered the university. 在我上大学前就学了5,000个单词。(2)过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作 或状态持续到过去某个时间或继续持续下去。 Before he slept，he had worked for 12 hours. 他工作了12个小时才睡觉。(3)常用于下列情况： This/It is the first/second.timethat从句。that从句一般 用现在完成时，如果把前边的is改为was，则that从句用过 去完成时。 It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.这 是他第三次犯同样的错误。 intend，mean，hope，want，plan，suppose，expect， think等动词的过去完成时可用来表示一个本来打算做而实 际上没有做的事。这种用法也可表示过去未曾实现的设想意 图或希望，含有某种惋惜。I had intended to call on you yesterday，but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.我昨天本来要去看你的，但是刚要出门就有人来访。I had meant to help you，but I was too busy at the moment.我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。I had thought you would come tomorrow.我原以为你明天才来呢。Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had.done.when.；No sooner had.done.than.。when和than从句里用一般过去时，表示“刚刚就”。Hardly(No sooner)had I got home when(than)the rain poured down.我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.我们才刚刚动身，汽车的轮胎就漏气了。9.将来完成时 将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常 用的时间状语为：by将来的某个时间。 By this time of next year，all of you will have become college students.到明年的这个时候，你们大家就成了大学 生了。10.现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时表示一个动作开始于过去，并持续到现 在，并强调现在还在进行。完成进行时是完成时和进行 时的组合，因此，它具备完成时和进行时的一些因素， 如：它具备进行时的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩等”的 特点。 He has been learning English for 6 years. (从过去某一时间开始学英语，强调到现在还在学) It has been raining for 3 days. (强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)(2009浙江高考)Over the past decades，sea ice_in the Arctic as a result of global warming.A.had decreased B.decreasedC.has been decreasing D.is decreasing二、语态1.get过去分词表被动 They got married last week.他们上周结婚了。 He fell and got hurt.他摔倒受伤了。(2010江西高安中学月考)Did you have any trouble finding your way in Shanghai？Yes，I tried to find my way to the airport but _A.has been lost B.get lostC.lost D.got lost2.主动形式表被动意义(1)系动词look，feel，sound，smell，taste，seem，appear， go，prove，turn等形容词/名词。 Ice feels cold.冰摸上去凉。 His plan proved (to be) practical. 他的计划被证明符合实际。(2)表示开始、结束、运动的词：begin，finish，start，open， close，stop，shut等。 Class begins！开始上课！ Work began at 7 oclock this morning. 今天上午七点开始工作。 The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day. 每天下午6点关店门。(3)表示主语的某种属性的词：read，write，act，cut，draw， drive，sell，wash，clean，wear，open，cook，lock， look，shut等。 The books sell well.这些书畅销。 The door wont lock.门锁不上。 This coat dries easily.这种外衣容易干。 The plan worked out wonderfully.这计划制定得很好。 The engine wont start.引擎发动不起来(2009全国卷)His sister left home in 1998，and_since.A.had not been heard of B.has not been heard ofC.had not heard of D.has not heard of1(2010江苏高考)Peter，where did you guys go for the summer vacation?We _ busy with our work for months，so we went to the beach to relax ourselves.Awere Bhave beenChad been Dwill be解析：考查时态。结合问句中的时态以及答语后半句中的时态可知答语前半句表示的是“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时。答案：C2(2010安徽高考)Weve spent too much money recently.Well，it isnt surprising. Our friends and relatives _ around all the time.Aare coming Bhad comeCwere coming Dhave been coming解析：考查时态。此处表示的是从过去一直持续到现在，且现在仍在进行的动作。故用现在完成进行时。该时态与all the time连用时，具有强烈的感情色彩。答案：D3(2010辽宁高考)Joseph _ to evening classes since last month，but he still cant say “Whats your name？”in Russian.Ahas been going BwentCgoes Dhas gone解析：考查动词的时态。句意：从上个月开始，Joseph一直在上夜校，但是他仍没有学会用俄语说“你叫什么名字？”。根据句意，表示自从过去到现在一直发生的事情且有可能持续下去，应用现在完成进行时，故选A项。答案：A4(2010全国卷)Linda，make sure the tables _ before the guests arrive.Abe set BsetCare set Dare setting解析：考查时态和语态。在make sure后的宾语从句中，谓语动词通常用一般现在时，且the tables与set之间是动宾关系。故选C。答案：C5(2010湖南高考)This coastal area _ a national wildlife reserve last year.Awas named BnamedCis named Dnames解析：考查时态和语态。根据时间状语last year可知此处应用一般过去时。主语this coastal area和name之间存在动宾关系，应用被动语态形式。故选A项。答案：A6(2010天津高考)Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting _ at the culture show of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo.Aare exhibiting Bis exhibitingCare being exhibited Dis being exhibited解析：本题考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。“民间艺术”和“展出”为动宾关系，应用被动语态，可排除A、B两项；C、D两项为现在进行时的被动语态，由arts可知C项正确。答案：C7(2010湖南高考)Im tired out. I _ all afternoon and I dont seem to have finished anything.Ashopped Bhave shoppedChad shopped Dhave been shopping解析：考查时态。此处用现在完成进行时，强调动作从过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在，且现在仍在进行。答案：D8(2011陕西宝鸡检测)Mary，I should tell you it is the third time that you _ your homework.Aforgot to do Bforgot doingChave forgotten to do Dhad forgotten doing解析：考查时态和非谓语动词。“It is (was) the序数词timethat从句”，表示“是某人第几次做某事”，在此句型中，若前面为it is，则that从句用现在完成时，若前面为it was，则that从句用过去完成时；而forget to do sth.表示忘了应去做某事，forget doing sth.表示忘了已做过某事。根据语意可知此题应选C。答案：C9(2011哈尔滨检测)I have been on a diet for months and next time you see me，I _ five pounds.Awill have lost Bwill loseChave lost Dam losing解析：本题考查动词时态。句意：我已经减肥好几个月了，等下次再见我时，我就会轻五磅。根据语境知句子要用将来完成时，说明将来完成的结果。故A项正确。答案：A10(2011苏州一模)Are you going to further your studies after graduation?Well，I _ yet.I might make some other choices.Adidnt decide Bhavent decidedCdont decide Dhadnt decided解析：本题考查动词时态。从答语“也许还有别的打算”可知，目前还没有做出决定，故用现在完成时。答案：B11(2011东北三校第一次联考)Look！What a mistake！Why?Sorry，I _ on it.Adont concentrateBhadnt concentratedChavent been concentratingDwasnt concentrating解析：考查时态。此处表示的是在说话之前的那段时间内没有专心，因此用过去进行时。答案：D12(2010福建龙岩检测)I called you many times yesterday morning，but I couldnt get through.Oh.My brother _ on the phone all the time!Awas talking Bhas been talkingChas talked Dtalked解析：考查动词的时态。从语意“我兄弟当时一直都占着电话机呢”可知，这是对过去某个特定时间正在进行的动作的表述，所以用过去进行时，选A项。答案：A13(2010南通二模)Where have you been all day?I _ some former classmates and I couldnt get back until it was dark.Ahave met BmetCwould meet Dhad met解析：考查动词时态。应答句是陈述过去的一个事实，用一般过去时，选B。答案：B14(2010西城5月)When can I get my car back?I think it _ sometime later today.Give me a call around 3 oclock.Awill be finished BfinishesCwill finish Dwill be finishing解析：考查动词时态。由答语中的“sometime later today.Give me a call”可以看出finish这一动作发生在将来，it指的是car，是谓语动词finish这一动作的接受者，所以要用被动语态。答案：A15(2010南通一模)Now the worlds attention _ the stocking markets，as they have great influence on the worlds economy.Ais fixing on Bhas fixed onCis being fixed on Dhad been fixed on解析：本题考查动词时态和语态。attention和fix on之间是被动关系，故排除A、B两项，再根据Now，可知应用现在进行时的被动语态。故选C。答案：C.单项填空1(20104月济南模拟)Can you give me some advice on what I said just now?Sorry.My mind _.Ais wandering Bwas wanderingChas wandered Dhad wandered解析：考查动词的时态。从语意可知“刚才你说话的时候，我走神了”，此处强调“过去某个时刻正在进行”的状态，所以用过去进行时，答案选B项。答案：B2(20103月济南模拟)A big step _ to strengthen Chinas health care systems since we launched an effort in 2008.Ahas been taken Bis being takenCwas taken Dhad been taken解析：考查时态。since(自从)所在的从句用了一般过去时，主句一般用现在完成时。答案：A3(20103月济南模拟)We thought he would have won the game.What a pity！He _ too nervous when playing.Ahad been Bhas beenCwas Dwould have been解析：考查动词时态。语意：他当时太紧张了。答语是对过去事实的陈述，用一般过去时。答案：C4(2011潍坊质量监测)My headache _ me.I thought it was going away，but now its getting worse and worse.Ais killing Bwas killingCkills Dkilled解析：考查时态。从now可知：我现在头疼得厉害。答案：A5(2010南京第三次模拟)I hear you _ at Smiths.Yes，I _ there for about three months.Awork；had been workingBworked；was workingCare working；have been workingDworked；have worked解析：本题考查时态。听说你正在Smiths上班，因此应该使用现在进行时态；我在那里已经工作大约三个月了(可能还会持续下去)，因此需要使用现在完成进行时态。答案：C6(2010海淀区第二学期期中练习)Why didnt you come to the cinema with us last Saturday?Oh，sorry.But I _ the film.Asee BsawChave seen Dhad seen解析：考查动词的时态。由语意可知，这个电影在上周六(last Saturday)之前就已经看过了，也就是说动作发生在“过去的过去”，因此应该用过去完成时。答案：D7(2011陕西教学质量检测)Bob has gone to California，I hear.Oh，I wonder when he _.Ahas left Bwas leavingCleft Dleaves解析：考查动词的时态。从答语“我想知道他是什么时候走的”可知，此处表示“他离开的时间”，是一个过去的动作，所以用一般过去时，答案应该选C项。答案：C8(2010合肥第三次教学检测)I called you last night，but nobody answered.Oh，I usually _ off my cellphone by 800 pm.Aswitched Bhave switchedCswitch Dhad switched解析：考查时态。题干中有副词usually，叙述答话人的生活习惯，因此这里用一般现在时。语意：我通常在晚上8点关机。答案：C9(2010青岛市第二次模拟)Where is your uncles home?In New York.But he _ in Boston for four years.Ahas lived BlivedChad lived Dhad been living解析：“在Boston生活四年”是纯粹发生在过去的事情，该动作并没有持续到现在，故排除A，选B。答案：B10(2011烟台四校联考)A few minutes earlier，and you would have seen the NBA star.But you _.Adidnt come Bdont comeChavent come Dwont come解析：考查时态。句意：要是早几分钟的话，你就会见到那位NBA的明星，可惜，你那时没来。此题的前半部分为隐含的虚拟条件，与过去事实相反，因此后面的陈述句应使用一般过去时。答案：A11(2011潍坊教学质量抽样监测)Did you notice my little son Tom just now?No，Mrs Black.I _ computer games.Aplay Bam playingCwould play Dwas playing解析：考查时态。从问话中的“just now”可知，事情发生在过去，根据“我一直在玩电脑游戏，没看到小Tom”可知用过去进行时。答案：D12(2011潍坊第一次模拟)Tom is now in our class，but he once _ in Westbrook High School for a term.Ahas studied BstudiedChad studied Dstudies解析：考查时态。句意：汤姆现在在我们班，但他曾经在韦斯特布鲁克高中呆过一个学期。从once可知，用一般过去时，一般过去时也可以和一段时间连用。答案：B13(20104月济南模拟)Flight MU257 _.I must be off now.Have a nice trip.Ais being announced Bhas announcedCwas announcing Dhad been announced解析：考查动词的时态和语态。从语意知“MU257航班正在通知(登机中)”，此处强调“现在这个时刻正在进行”的动作，所以用现在进行时，同时announce与Flight MU257又是动宾关系，故用现在进行时的被动语态。答案：A14(2010东北三省四市联考)Whats that terrible noise，David?Oh，I forgot to tell you.The new machines in the nearby plant _.Awere tested Bwill be testedCare being tested Dhave been tested解析：考查动词的时态。根据问句中的Whats that terrible noise 可知，这里应该用进行时态，噪音是机器正在被检测时发出的，所以用现在进行时的被动语态。答案：C15(2010南京模拟)People begin to know that most environmental problems exist because necessary measures for preventing them _ taken in the past.Aare not Bwere notChadnt been Dwouldnt be解析：句意：人们开始了解到由于在过去没有采取必要的预防措施从而造成了大多数的环境问题。in the past暗示出用过去时态；hadnt been指在一个过去的动作或时间之前发生的事情；wouldnt be 表过去将来，故B项正确。答案：B16(2010日照市调研考试)Monitor?Im not monitor of our class.I _ with the teacher until the monitor is elected.Awill just help Bam just to helpCam just helping Dhave just helped解析：考查时态。语意：我只是在帮助老师，直到选出班长为止。根据上下句语意可知，此处用现在进行时，表示答话者当时所处的状态。答案：C17(2010海南五校联考)When did you move to Sanya?In 2008.But I _ in Tibet for 8 years.Ahas worked Bhas been workedChave been working Dworked解析：考查时态。由题干可知答话人在2008年搬到三亚之前曾在西藏工作过8年，叙述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。答案：D18(2010青岛市联合模拟)I was excited when the National Day I had been looking forward to _ at last.Acoming BcomeCcame Dcomes解析：考查时态。此题按照思维定势容易误选A。题目中I had been looking forward to作定语修饰先行词the National Day，本句是对过去的事情的一般叙述，故本题应使用一般过去时。答案：C19(2010北京西城模拟)The attackers were arrested and didnt know where they _.Awould take Bare takenCwere being taken Dwill be taken解析：句意：袭击者被捕了，他们不知道正被带往何处。根据didnt know 可知，空格处也应该用过去的某种时态，所以B、D不正确；根据句意可知此处用被动语态，故选C。答案：C20(2010安徽江南十校模拟)The Princess and the Frog is a fairy musical that _ the days when Walt Disney was a person，not a brand.Awas dated back to Bdates back toChas been dating from Dhad dated from解析：句意：王子与青蛙是一个童话音乐剧，它可以追溯到沃尔特迪斯尼还是个普通人而不是个品牌的岁月。date back to 追溯到，不能用被动或进行时态，而要用一般现在时。答案：B