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英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动主动) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动被动) 汉语中常用汉语中常用“被被”、“给给”、“由由”、“受受”等词用等词用来表示被动，而英语用：来表示被动，而英语用：构成。构成。 主要体现在主要体现在bebe的变化上，其形式与系动词的变化上，其形式与系动词bebe的变化形式完全的变化形式完全一样。以一样。以为例，列表如下：为例，列表如下： 一般现在时：一般现在时：am / is / are + given am / is / are + given 一般过去时：一般过去时：was / were +given was / were +given 一般将来时：一般将来时：shall / will + given shall / will + given 一般过去将来时：一般过去将来时：should / would + given should / would + given 现在进行时：现在进行时：am / is / are + being + givenam / is / are + being + given 过去进行时：过去进行时：was / were + being + given was / were + being + given 现在完成时：现在完成时：have / has + been + givenhave / has + been + given 过去完成时：过去完成时：had + been + given had + been + given 将来完成时：将来完成时：shall / will + have been + givenshall / will + have been + given 过去将来完成时：过去将来完成时：should / would + have been + givenshould / would + have been + given 1. 一般现在时：一般现在时： People grow rice in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 2. 一般过去时：一般过去时： They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. 3. 一般将来时：一般将来时： They will send cars abroad by sea. They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. 4. 过去将来时：过去将来时： The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. 5. 现在进行时：现在进行时： The radio is broadcasting English lessons. We are painting the rooms. 6. 过去进行时：过去进行时： Why didnt they drive there on time? Because the workers were mending the road. This time last year we were planting trees here. 7. 现在完成时：现在完成时： Someone has told me We have brought down the price. 8. 过去完成时：过去完成时： When I got to the theatre, I found The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; 9. 含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态： 含有情态动词的被动语态是由含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过及物动词的过去分词去分词”构成。构成。 You must hand in your compositions after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. 1.1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用不用by 短语。短语。 ( (只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的) )。 2.2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。短语。 3.3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用时常用in + + 名词作状语，而代替名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。短语。 （1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party. 主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语（2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. 1. 1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正确正确) A new computer have been bought. (错误错误) 2. 2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接宾语如果把直接宾语( (指物指物) )改为主语，则在间接宾语改为主语，则在间接宾语( (指人指人) )前加适前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：当的介词，如上句还可以说： A present was given to me yesterday. 一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：如： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。等。 The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. ) The meat was cooked for us. Some country music was played for us. 有些既不用有些既不用to 也不用也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。根据动词与介词的搭配关系。 He ask me a question. (A question was asked of me. ) People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用不用by短语短语) 3. 由动词由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：有： agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。等。 bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。等。 4. 带复合宾语带复合宾语(宾语宾语+ 宾补宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如： We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions. 在在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带但改成被动语态后都带to，这这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的的问题。问题。 We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如： Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and 误：误：Love apples were called them. 正：正：They were called love apples. 5. 还有一种短语动词由还有一种短语动词由构成，变被动语态有两种形式，构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：如下： 1) We take good care of the books. 2) You must pay attention to your pronunciation. 用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on 等。等。 6. 当主动句的主语是当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为动句中将其变为anybody, 作作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：态。如： Nobody can answer this question. 误：误：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：正： 7. 当否定句中的宾语是当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 误：误：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：正：8. 以以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：放在句首： Who wrote the story? 误：误：Who was the story written? 正：正： 9. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：等。如： The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。这布很好洗。 The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。这新产品很畅销。 The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。这支笔写字很流畅。 对比：对比： The books sell well. (主动句主动句) The books were sold out. (被动句被动句) The meat didnt cook well. (主动句主动句) The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句被动句) 第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 误：误：It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 误：误：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 误：误：The pop music is sounded beautiful. 第二，谓语是及物动词第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 误：误：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand burned. 误：误：Her hand was had burned. 第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 误：误：The fire was broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 误：误：The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses remained. 误：误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained. 第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如： I taught myself English. 误：误：Myself was taught English. We love each other. 误：误：Each other is loved. 11. 11. 在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：表示，例如： 据说据说It is said that 据报导据报导 It is reported that 据推测据推测 It is supposed that 希望希望It is hoped that 众所周知众所周知It is well known that 普遍认为普遍认为It is generally considered that 有人建议有人建议It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.
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