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专题专题9 9正反解读动词的时态和语态正反解读动词的时态和语态 专题专题9 9 高考链接高考链接高考链接12011安徽卷安徽卷 What do you think of store shopping in the future?Personally, I think it will exist along with home shopping but_.Awill never replaceBwould never replaceCwill never be replacedDwould never be replaced 解析 C考查动词的时态和语态。答句意思是：我认为商店购物将与居家购物并存而不会被其取代。表示“被取代”应用replace的被动语态，同时是对将来的描述，用将来时态，故答案为C。专题专题9 9 高考链接高考链接 22011北京卷 Experiments of this kind_ in both the US. and Europe well before the Second World War. Ahave conducted Bhave been conducted Chad conductedDhad been conducted 解析 D考查动词的时态和语态。由常识可知，谓语动词的动作发生在二战之前，很显然，这是“过去的过去”，所以应该用过去完成时。conduct 和experiments是动宾关系，所以用被动语态。专题专题9 9 高考链接高考链接 32011福建卷 Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they_ from China. AreceiveBare receiving Chave received Dhad received 解析 D考查动词的时态。句意：上个月日本政府对中国的救援表达了谢意。“接受帮助”发生在“表达”之前，故用过去完成时。专题专题9 9 高考链接高考链接 42011湖南卷 Joan，what_in your hand? Look！Its a birthday gift for my grandma. Ahad you held Bare you holding Cdo you hold Dwill you hold 解析 B考查动词的时态。根据答话人所说的“Look！”可判断问话人是询问琼手里正拿着什么，即表示此时此刻正在发生的动作，故用现在进行时。专题专题9 9 高考链接高考链接 52011江苏卷 I hear you _ in a pub. Whats it like? Well, its very hard work and Im always tired, but I dont mind. Aare working Bwill work Cwere working Dwill be working 解析 A考查动词的时态。根据答语用现在时态可知hear后接的从句也用现在时态。故选A项。专题专题9 9 高考链接高考链接专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 考点归纳动词时态动词时态 考点一一般现在时考点一一般现在时( (动词用原形或单数第三人称后加动词用原形或单数第三人称后加s/s/eses等等) )规则规则1 1：表示客观事实或普遍真理：表示客观事实或普遍真理( (不受时态限制不受时态限制) )。如：。如：The geography teacher told us the earth moves The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.around the sun. 规则2：表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用行为动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。如： We always care for each other and help each other. 规则3：表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等。如： Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则4：少数用于表示起止的动词如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时。表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，只用一般现在时。如： The shop closes at 11：00 pm. every day. Tomorrow is Wednesday. 规则5：在时间、条件、方式及让步状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。如： If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则6：在the morethe more句型中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如： The harder you study, the better results you will get. 规则7：在make sure, see to it, mind, care, matter后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如： See to it that you are not late again. 规则8：一般现在时所对应的时间状语常见的有：often, always, usually, seldom, now, every day等。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 考点二现在进行时(am/is/arev.ing)规则1：表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作。如：It is raining now.规则2：表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。如：She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要当老师。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则3：代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。如： The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 长江滚滚向东流去。 The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。 规则4：与always, often, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进行。如： He is always helping others.他总是帮助其他人。 She is always forgetting something.她老是忘记某些事情。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则5：下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时： (1)表示心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need, etc. (2)表示存在的状态的动词及短语：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on, etc. (3)表示瞬时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete, etc. (4)表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look，etc. 规则6：现在进行时所对应的时间状语常见的有：now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 考点三现在完成时(has/havev.ed)规则1：表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时刚刚完成的动作。如：I have finished the report.She has cleaned the room.规则2：表示从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for”， “since”表述的一段时间状语连用。如：He has learned English for six years.They have worked here since they left college.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则3：表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用“have/has been to”；表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“have/has gone to”。如： Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the readingroom. She knows a lot about Shanghai. She has been there. 规则4：在时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作。如： When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge. Well start at six if it has stopped raining by then.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 【温馨提示】 这里的现在完成时强调从句动作在主句动作之前完成， 如果两个动作同时或几乎同时发生， 则不必用完成时。试比较： Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her. She will call you when she gets home.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则5：短暂动词(即瞬间动词)及短语如：join, lose, buy, borrow, lend, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out, take part in等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如： He has joined the army three years.() He joined the army three years ago. () He has been in the army for three years. () It is/has been three years since he joined the army. ()专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则6：下列句型中常用现在完成时： (1)It is (has been)一段时间since从句(过去时) (2)This (That/It) is the first (second) time that现在完成时 (3)This(That/It)is the onlythat现在完成时 (4)This(That/It)is the best/finest/most interestingthat现在完成时 规则7：现在完成时对应的时间状语： recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years， for时间段， since时间点等。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 考点四一般过去时(ed或不规则变化)规则1：一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；用于表达过去的习惯动作或状态；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去时。如：I met her in the street yesterday.I thought the film would be interesting, but it isnt.规则2：如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去时。如：He told me he read an interesting novel last night.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则3：表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute, etc. The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her. 规则4：用于I didnt know或I forgot，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。如： I didnt know you were here.(现在已经知道) Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘记带书”已成为过去的事了)专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则5：一般过去时所对应的时间状语常见的有：then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months等。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 考点五过去进行时(was/werev.ing)规则1：表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间需用时间状语表示)。如：He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.规则2：表示一个动作在另一个过去动作发生时进行。如：They were still working when I left.规则3：指两个过去正在进行的动作同时发生。如：I was writing while he was watching TV.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则4：过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于plan, come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等)。如： He said(that) she was arriving the next day. 规则5：与always, often, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩。如： Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others instead of thinking of himself. 规则6：过去进行时可用来描绘故事发生时的背景。如： The wind was blowing and it was raining hard. 规则7：过去进行时对应的时间状语常见的有：then, at that time, at this time yesterday等。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 考点六过去完成时(hadv.ed)规则1：在by, by the end of, by the time, until, before后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.规则2：表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态，即“从过去到过去”。如：When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则3：表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词过去时接不定式完成式表示，即：hoped/plannedto have done。如： I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so. 规则4：表示“一就”的几个句型： hardly/scarcelywhen(before)；no soonerthan We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则5：It/That/This was the first(second，third)time that(从句中用过去完成时态)。如： It was the second time that he had been out with her. 规则6：过去完成时对应的时间状语常见的有：before, by the end of last month/years等。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 考点七一般将来时(will/shall/be going to do)规则1：表示未来的动作或状态常用will/shall动词原形。规则2：表示一种趋向或习惯性动作。如：Well die without air or water.规则3：表示趋向行为的动词，如： come，go，start，begin，leave等词，常用现在进行时表示一般将来时。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则4：be going to do 与will/shall do, be to do, be about to do的用法及区别： (1)shall/will do表示事先未考虑过，即说话时临时做出的决定。如： Youve left the light on. Oh, so I have. Ill go and turn it off. (2)在祈使句and/or陈述句句型中，陈述句中只能用will/情态动词动词原形。如： Work hard, and you will pass the exam.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 (3)be going to表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如： If it is fine, well go fishing.() If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.() (4)be to do sth. 表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。如： A meeting is to be held at 3：00 this afternoon. (5)be about to do sth. 表示“即将，就要”，后面不能接具体时间状语或状语从句。如： Autumn harvest is about to start.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则5：一般将来时对应的时间状语常见的有：tomorrow, today, next week/month， in an hour, in the coming/following few weeks等。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 考点八过去将来时(would do, was/were going to do)规则1：表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或状态或过去的意图打算(主要用于宾语从句中)。如：She was sure she would succeed.规则2：表示过去经常发生的动作。如：When he was young, he would go swimming.【温馨提示】 would与used to的区别：would只表示过去，不涉及现在；而used to表示“过去常常”要与现在比较，即现在不是这样了。规则3：过去将来时对应的时间状语常见的有：the following month, the next week等。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 考点九几种易混时态的辨析1一般现在时与现在进行时一般现在时表示经常性的、习惯性的或状态性的行为。 而现在进行时则具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如：On the wall hangs a picture painted by Qi Baishi.This is not my coat. Mine is hanging behind the door.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 2一般过去时和现在完成时 一般过去时所表达的事件与现在无关。而现在完成时则强调对现在的影响和结果。如： I stayed in Beijing for five days. Then I went to America.(I am not in Beijing now. ) I have stayed in Beijing for five days and havent decided where to go next.(I am still in Beijing now and dont know where to go next.)专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 3一般过去时和过去进行时 一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或过去存在的状态。过去进行时则表示在过去某个时间点或时间段正在做某事。过去进行时具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如： I read a book last month.(书已经在过去某个时间点读完) I was reading a book last month.(书未读完)专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 4一般过去时和过去完成时 判断是不是过去完成时应先从时间轴上找到表示“过去”的时间点或动作，然后判断在这个时间点或动作之前还有没有另一个动作，并且判断该句是否强调发生在前。如： The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 5完成时和完成进行时 现在完成时和过去完成时分别表示某一动作持续到现在或过去某一时间。现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时虽然也表示一个动作持续到现在或过去某一时间，但更强调动作的持续性。完成时强调动作的结果，完成进行时强调动作的延续。如： Why does the river smell terrible? Because the water has been polluted. He has been writing articles for our newspaper these years, and he has written about 40 in all.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 动词语态 考点一概念动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：People speak English all over the world.(主动语态)English is spoken all over the world.(被动语态)专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 常用被动语态 构成(以ask为例)常用被动语态 构成(以ask为例)1一般现在时am/is/are asked 6过去进行时 was/were being asked 2一般过去时was/were asked 7现在完成时 have/has been asked 考点二动词的被动语态构成(以ask为例)专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 常用被动语态 构成(以ask为例)常用被动语态 构成(以ask为例)3一般将来时shall/will be asked 8过去完成时 had been asked4过去将来时would be asked 9将来完成时 will/shall have been asked专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则1：不能用被动语态的几种情况。 (1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词短语不能用于被动语态之中。 (2)表示状态的谓语动词，如：hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like, consist of等。 (3)表示归属的动词及短语，如： have, own, belong to等。 (4)表示“希望， 意图”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等。 (5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 (6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等时谓语动词不用被动语态。 (7)有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时。这类常见的动词有sell, write, wash, open, lock等。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则2：主动形式表被动意义。 (1)当feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后接形容词时；当cut, read, sell, wear, write等词后接状语修饰语well/smoothly等时；当动词表示“开始、发生、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时，均用主动形式表被动意义。如： These novels wont sell well. My pen writes smoothly. The door wont lock. The lamps on the wall turn off.专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 (2)want, require, need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。 (3)be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。 (4)在“be形容词to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动含义。如： The girl isnt easy to get along with. 另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动含义。专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 规则3：被动语态与系表结构的区别。被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如： The plate was broken by the cat.(被动语态) How did this dish get broken？(系表结构)专题专题9 9 考点归纳考点归纳 专题专题9 9 反面解读反面解读反面解读1Hi, Lucy, you look tired.Im really tired. I the living room all day.ApaintedBhad paintedChave been painting Dhave been painted【误】【误】 学生容易分辨不清学生容易分辨不清C与与D的区别，而误选的区别，而误选D。【正【正】 C 解析 C项是现在完成进行时态，表示过去发生的动作持续到现在并有可能会继续下去。这一点是从时间状语all day(整天)看出来的。专题专题9 9 反面解读反面解读 2Nancy is not coming tonight. But she ！(promise) 【误】 has promised 【正】 promised 解析 南希“答应要来”这个动作应该发生在过去，是过去作出的承诺，前文已告诉我们“她不来了”，因此诺言已跟现在没有关系，只是过去的一个动作。专题专题9 9 反面解读反面解读 3托尼给我打电话时，我刚完成工作，要开始洗澡。 【误】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and started to take a shower. 【正】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. 解析 从关键信息I had just finished my work可以看出是“正要开始洗澡”应该是进行时，was starting 可以表示马上就要进行的动作；而started表示“开始了”。专题专题9 9 反面解读反面解读 4I dont really work here; I until the new secretary arrives. Ajust help out Bhave just helped out Cam just helping out Dwill just help out 【误】 此题易受第一句话的影响，而误选A。 【正】 表示“我”现在只是在临时帮忙，是现阶段正在进行的动作，选C。 解析 一般现在时表示现在的、经常性的行为或状态，而现在进行时表示正在进行的、暂时性的动作。专题专题9 9 反面解读反面解读 5很多的鸟类正被人们捕杀。 【误】 Many birds are killed now. 【正】 Many birds are being killed now. 解析 现在进行时的被动语态结构要完整，不能遗漏其中的助动词，导致时态错误。专题专题9 9 反面解读反面解读
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