语法专题3 定语从句(Ivan Fang)2

GrammarGrammar一、一、概念概念 定语从句定语从句 在句中做定语，修饰一个名在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出 。关系代词有：关系代词有：who, whom, whose, who, whom, whose, that, whichthat, which等。等。关系副词有：关系副词有：when, where, whywhen, where, why等。等。二、二、用法用法 1 1、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。保持一致。1 1）whowho( (主格主格) ), whom, whom（宾格）（宾格）, , thatthat 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：a) a) 他就是他就是 我昨天见到的我昨天见到的 那个人。那个人。He is the man.He is the man.I saw him yesterday.I saw him yesterday.He is the man He is the man whomwhom I saw I saw yesterday.yesterday.b) b) 你认识你认识 站在那边的站在那边的 那个人吗？那个人吗？Do you know the man?Do you know the man?He is standing over there.He is standing over there.Do you know the man Do you know the man whowho is is standing over there?standing over there?（ ） （ ）2 2）whose whose 用来指人或物。用来指人或物。 例如：例如：a) a) 小明，他的父亲是工程师，是我们班级小明，他的父亲是工程师，是我们班级里最好的学生。里最好的学生。（ ）XiaoXiao Ming is the best student in Ming is the best student in our class.our class.His father is an engineer.His father is an engineer.Xiao Xiao Ming Ming whosewhose father is an father is an engineer is the best student in engineer is the best student in our class.our class.注意：注意：定语从句应紧跟在先行词的后面定语从句应紧跟在先行词的后面（即定语从句所修饰的词）（即定语从句所修饰的词）3 3）which, that which, that 所代替的先行词是事物所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。等。 例如例如 ：a) a) 这是这是 我们去年参观的我们去年参观的 工厂。工厂。（ ）This is the factory.This is the factory.We visited it last year.We visited it last year.This is the factory which / that This is the factory which / that we visited last year.we visited last year.说明：说明：关系代词在关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。以省略。b) b) 这是这是 去年建造的去年建造的 工厂。工厂。（ ）This is the factory.This is the factory.It was built last year.It was built last year.This is the factory which / that This is the factory which / that was built last year.was built last year. 2 2、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1 1）关系副词）关系副词when, where, why when, where, why 的含的含义相当于义相当于 “介词介词+ which” + which” 结构，因此常结构，因此常常和常和“介词介词+ which”+ which”结构交替使用。例如：结构交替使用。例如：a) a) 我仍然记得我仍然记得 我参军的我参军的 那一天。那一天。（ ）I still remember the day.I still remember the day.On that day I joined the army.On that day I joined the army.I still remember the day I still remember the day whenwhen I I joined the army. joined the army. 或或I still remember the day I still remember the day on on whichwhich I joined the army. I joined the army. b) b) 这就是这就是 我们去年住的我们去年住的 房屋。房屋。（ ）This is the house.This is the house.We lived in it last year.We lived in it last year.This is the house This is the house wherewhere we we lived last year. lived last year. 或或This is the house This is the house in whichin which we we lived last year. lived last year. 或或 This is the house This is the house whichwhich we we lived lived inin last year. last year. c) c) 你知道你知道 他迟到的他迟到的 原因吗？原因吗？（ ）Do you know the reason?Do you know the reason?He was late for that reason.He was late for that reason.Do you know the reason Do you know the reason whywhy he he was late? was late? 或或Do you know the reason Do you know the reason for for whichwhich he was late? he was late? 2 2）当先行词是指时间、地点或原因时，并）当先行词是指时间、地点或原因时，并非就用非就用when, where, why when, where, why 来引导定语来引导定语从句。从句。 例如：例如： 这是我们去年参观的地方。这是我们去年参观的地方。 这是我们去年工作的地方。这是我们去年工作的地方。 a)a)vtvt. .vi.vi.This is the place This is the place which / thatwhich / that we visited last year.we visited last year.This is the place This is the place wherewhere we we worked last year.worked last year. 我仍然记得我入团的那一天。我仍然记得我入团的那一天。 我仍然记得我们一起度过的那一天。我仍然记得我们一起度过的那一天。b)b)I still remember the day I still remember the day when when I joined the League.I joined the League.I still remember the day I still remember the day that / that / whichwhich we spent together. we spent together. 3 3、判断关系代词与关系副词判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一：方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全用关系代词，还是关系副词完全 This is the mountain village This is the mountain village wherewhere I stayed last year. I stayed last year.这是我去年呆过的山村。这是我去年呆过的山村。取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：IllIll never forget the days never forget the days whenwhen I I worked together with you.worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 方法二：方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词择出关系代词/关系副词。关系副词。A. whereA. whereB. thatB. that C. on which C. on which D. the oneD. the one例例1.1. Is this the museum _ you Is this the museum _ you visited a few days ago?visited a few days ago?例例2.2. Is this museum _ you Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?visited a few days ago?A. whereA. whereB. thatB. that C. on which C. on which D. the oneD. the oneB BD Da) a) 在在 there be there be 句型中，只用句型中，只用 thatthat，不，不 用用 whichwhich。b)b)不定代词，如：不定代词，如：anything, nothing, anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, littlethe one, all, much, few, any, little等等作先行词时，只用作先行词时，只用 thatthat，不用，不用 whichwhich 。c)c)先行词有先行词有 the only, the very the only, the very 修饰时，修饰时，只用只用 thatthat。d) d) 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰先行词被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰时，只用时，只用 thatthat。e) e) 先行词既有人，又有物时先行词既有人，又有物时 。1.1.His parents wouldnHis parents wouldnt let him t let him marry anyone _ family was marry anyone _ family was poor.poor.A. of whom B. whomA. of whom B. whomC. of whoseC. of whose D. whoseD. whose D D2.2.In the dark street, there wasnIn the dark street, there wasnt t a single person _ she could a single person _ she could turn for help. turn for help. A. thatA. that B. whoB. whoC. from whomC. from whom D. to whomD. to whom D D定语从句练习定语从句练习3.3.After living in Pairs for fifty After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. where A. which B. where C. thatC. that D. whenD. when B B4.4.He lived in London for 3 months, He lived in London for 3 months, during _ time he learned some during _ time he learned some English.English.A. thisA. this B. which B. which C. thatC. that D. sameD. same B B5.5.I had neither a raincoat nor an I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. _ I got wet through.umbrella. _ I got wet through. A. Its the reason B. Thats whyA. Its the reason B. Thats why C. Theres why D. Its howC. Theres why D. Its howB B6.6.I dont like _ you speak to I dont like _ you speak to her.her. A.the way that B.the way in thatA.the way that B.the way in that C.the way which D.the way of thatC.the way which D.the way of thatA A下面请看定语从句语法（二）下面请看定语从句语法（二） 4 4、关系代词关系代词 thatthat 的用法的用法 1 1）不用不用 that that 的情况的情况 介词后不能用。介词后不能用。例如：例如：We depend on the land We depend on the land from from whichwhich we get our food. we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。我们依赖土地获得食物。We depend on the land We depend on the land that / that / whichwhich we get our food we get our food fromfrom. . 2 2）只能用只能用 that that 作为定语从句的关系代作为定语从句的关系代 词词的情况的情况1.1.This is all _ I know about the This is all _ I know about the matter. matter. A.that B.what C.who A.that B.what C.who D.whether D.whether2.2.Is there anything else _ you Is there anything else _ you want? want? A.which B.that C.who A.which B.that C.who D.what D.what3.3.The last place _ we visited The last place _ we visited was the Great Wall. was the Great Wall. A.which B.that C.where D.itA.which B.that C.where D.itA AB BB B4.4.He talked happily about the men He talked happily about the men and books _ interested him and books _ interested him greatly in the school. greatly in the school. A.which B.that C.it D.whomA.which B.that C.it D.whom5.5.There is no dictionary _ you There is no dictionary _ you can find everything. can find everything. A.that B.which C.where D.in thatA.that B.which C.where D.in that6.6.This is one of the best books _. This is one of the best books _. A.that have ever been written A.that have ever been written B.that has ever been written B.that has ever been written C.that has written C.that has written D.that have writtenD.that have writtenB BA AA A7.7.He wrote a letter to me, telling He wrote a letter to me, telling me everything _ he saw on the me everything _ he saw on the way to the Paris. way to the Paris. A.what B.that C.which D.whereA.what B.that C.which D.where8.8.Is oxygenIs oxygen（氧气）（氧气） the only gas the only gas _ helps fire burn? _ helps fire burn? A.that A.that B. / C.which D.it B. / C.which D.it9.9.Is there anything _ to you? Is there anything _ to you? A.that is belonged B.that belongs A.that is belonged B.that belongs C.which belongs D.that belongC.which belongs D.that belongB BA AB B10.10.The scientist and his achieve- The scientist and his achieve- mentsments（成就）（成就）_ you told me _ you told me about are admired by us all. about are admired by us all. A.which B.that A.which B.that C.who D.whose C.who D.whose11.11.Which of the books _ were Which of the books _ were borrowed from him is the best? borrowed from him is the best? A.which B.what C.that D.whoseA.which B.what C.that D.whoseB BC C 先行词有下列情况或附有下列修饰语时，先行词有下列情况或附有下列修饰语时，通常用关系代词通常用关系代词 thatthat。1)1)先行词是先行词是 all, no, none, everyone, all, no, none, everyone, something, much, littlesomething, much, little等。等。2)2)先行词前有序数词先行词前有序数词, ,形容词最高级或形容词最高级或 the the last, the onlylast, the only等。等。3)3)如果先行词中既含有表示人的名词又有表如果先行词中既含有表示人的名词又有表示物的名词时。示物的名词时。4)4)若主句中有疑问代词若主句中有疑问代词 who, which who, which 为了为了避免重复避免重复, , 关系代词不要再用关系代词不要再用who, which.who, which.结论结论: :1.1.Do you know who lives in the Do you know who lives in the building _ there is a well? building _ there is a well? A.in front of it B. in front of A.in front of it B. in front of whose C.in front of whose C.in front of which D.in front which D.in front whichwhich2.2.IllIll never forget the day _ I never forget the day _ I joined the League. joined the League. A. on which B. in which A. on which B. in which C. which D. at whichC. which D. at which3.3.The woman _ my brother The woman _ my brother spoke just now is my teacher. spoke just now is my teacher. A.who B.to whom C.to who D.whomA.who B.to whom C.to who D.whomC CA AB B4.4.Jeanne was her old friend, _ Jeanne was her old friend, _ she borrowed a necklace. she borrowed a necklace. A. from who B. from whom A. from who B. from whom C. to that D. to whomC. to that D. to whom5.5.His glasses, _ he was like a His glasses, _ he was like a blind manblind man（盲人）（盲人）, fell to the , fell to the ground and broke its leg. ground and broke its leg. A. which B. with which A. which B. with which C. without which D. thatC. without which D. thatB BC C6.6.She is a teacher of much know- She is a teacher of much know- ledge, _ much can be learned. ledge, _ much can be learned. A. who B. that A. who B. that C. from which D. from whomC. from which D. from whom7.7.He built a telescopeHe built a telescope（望远镜）（望远镜）_ he could study the skies. _ he could study the skies. A. in which B. with that A. in which B. with that C. through which D. by itC. through which D. by it8.8.Do you know the reason _ he Do you know the reason _ he was late? D. for which was late? D. for which A. that B. which C. for whatA. that B. which C. for whatD DC CD D9.9.I have bought two ball-pens, _ I have bought two ball-pens, _ writes well. writes well. A.none of which B.neither of A.none of which B.neither of whichwhich C.none of them D.neither of themC.none of them D.neither of them10.10.This is the very knife_I used This is the very knife_I used to cut apples yesterday. to cut apples yesterday. A. that B. by which A. that B. by which C. which D. with whichC. which D. with which11.11.The book, _ which he paid 6 The book, _ which he paid 6 yuanyuan, is worth reading., is worth reading.B BA Aforfor 介词关系代词引导的定语从句，介词关系代词引导的定语从句，关键是判断介词的选择，方法一是看关键是判断介词的选择，方法一是看从句谓语部分缺少什么介词（习惯搭从句谓语部分缺少什么介词（习惯搭配），再则可以通过整个句子整体含配），再则可以通过整个句子整体含义来判断义来判断,结合生活实际来判断。结合生活实际来判断。 结论结论: :Is this the factory _ you Is this the factory _ you visited last year? visited last year? Is this factory _ you visited Is this factory _ you visited last year?last year?1.1.a. that b. where a. that b. where c. in which c. in which d. the one d. the one2.2.All _ I need is a good rest.All _ I need is a good rest. You knowYou know _ I need is a _ I need is a good rest.good rest. a. what b. all what a. what b. all what c. that d. whichc. that d. whicha ad dc ca a3.3.Mr Smith is one of those forei- Mr Smith is one of those forei- gnersgners who_ working in China who_ working in China. .Mr Smith is the only one of Mr Smith is the only one of those foreigners who _ work- those foreigners who _ work- inging in China. in China.a. is b. has c. have d. area. is b. has c. have d. are4.4.Pisa is a city, _ has a lean- Pisa is a city, _ has a lean- inging tower. tower.Pisa is a city, _ there is a Pisa is a city, _ there is a leaning tower.leaning tower.a.which b.that c.where d.therea.which b.that c.where d.thered da aa ac c5.5.This is the place _ we visit- This is the place _ we visit- ed last year.ed last year.This is the place _ we This is the place _ we worked last year.worked last year.a. which b. where a. which b. where c. in that d. therec. in that d. there6.6.The news _ he told us The news _ he told us was very exciting.was very exciting.He told us the news _ our He told us the news _ our team had won the game.team had won the game.a.what b.as c.that d.whicha ab bc / dc / dc c 在实践中要注意定语从在实践中要注意定语从句与其它从句的结构上的细句与其它从句的结构上的细微差别微差别,能够正确区分使用它能够正确区分使用它们。们。结论结论Correct mistakes:Correct mistakes:1.1. Here is the pen you lost it Here is the pen you lost it yesterday.yesterday.2.2. The girl told me the news is not The girl told me the news is not here now.here now.3.3. Is this farm we visited last year? Is this farm we visited last year?4.4. This is the teacher with whom This is the teacher with whom weveweve learnt a lot. learnt a lot.5.5. He is the only one of the He is the only one of the students who know French.students who know French.或或