日本建筑师坂茂

日本建筑师坂茂（Shigeru Ban）催生了世界首例的纸的建築，坂茂还將其应用在阪神地震后搭建的临时建筑及恆久建築物上。一九八六年，从美国留学归国的坂茂，在Alvar Aalto特展的会场设计，因为经费有限，无法使用芬兰最具代表性的建筑师Aalto爱用的木材，他以纸管作为展馆的內墙、天花板及展示台，這次的经验，让坂茂意外发现纸管的强度远超过想像，进而孕育纸建筑的创作原点。一九八九年，名古屋设计博览会馆，展馆虽不大，但却让坂茂首次实现纸建筑的梦想，他以四十八支外径三十三公分、厚度十五公厘、長度四公尺，表面经过蜡纸防水加工的紙管，重现江戶時代造园名家所设计用來欣赏水琴窟的东屋。这座纸建筑，白天里，一束束屋外的光线透过纸管间的空隙照射屋內，入夜之后，建筑物本身就像一座大型灯具，朝向四面八方射出 四十八条灿烂的光束。二年德国汉诺威万国博览会占地五千平方公尺的日本馆，坂茂采用纸建筑，让世人重新评价我们身旁熟悉的素材，发挥纸柔软的特性，创造出美观、坚固而低环境负担的新可能性。坂茂不仅在建筑上有杰出的表现，也是一位人道主义者，曾任联合国难民高等委员会(UNHCR)顾问的他曾说过：二十世纪的建筑大师为大众建造公共建筑，而冷战后一代的建筑师应该为少数人服务，例如种族冲突的受害者和无家可归的人。表现在行动上，他运用纸建材轻巧、组装迅速的特质，为阪神大地震的災民设计纸教堂及临时房屋，也为非洲庐安达难民搭蓋避难所及住家；纸建筑在他的理念中，已不单纯是一种结合高科技的创作，更深含对人类社会的关怀与责任。PAPER ARBOR - Nagoya, Japan, 1989推荐精选This was the first in a series of paper tube constructions. Manufactured as form. work for circular concrete columns, the tubes are used structurally here. Forty-eight of these tubes (325mm in diameter, 15mm thick and 4m high) are treated with paraffin water-proofing and fitted onto a precast concrete base in a circle.总共有48根纸管（直径325，15厚，4米高）被插入混凝土现浇的圆形基础中。 These were stiffened with a glue compound 胶合物 and joined at their heads by a wooden compression ring. The roof consisted of tenting fabric hung from tension wire arranged in a spoke-like configuration. After the structure was dismantled, the strength of the paper tubes was analyzed. Despite being subject to six months of wind and rain, the hardening of the glue and moderate exposure to ultraviolet rays 紫外线 actually resulted in increasing the compressive strength of the tubes.推荐精选ODAWARA HALL AND EAST GATE- Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan, 1990推荐精选To commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the Odawara municipality, the local government commissioned a temporary multi-purpose hall. The mayor wanted a wooden building at first, but, in light of the budget and time limit, it was suggested that the hall be constructed of paper tubes and the tubes themselves be viewed as an “evolved wood.”进化的木。 Since the scale of the building far exceeds that of the Paper Arbor which was built a year earlier, a special building permit was required before construction could begin. However, the construction period did not allow enough time for permit process, so the paper tubes are used in the self-standing exterior and interior walls (and could withstand wind pressure only) 通过纸管来充当外墙和内墙并抵挡风压 and columns of steel were used to support the roof 由钢柱支撑屋顶. The interior space of about 1300 square meters was composed of 330 paper tubes (525mm in diameter, 15mm thick, and 8m long). The spaces between the tubes were filled with clear vinyl tubing to filter natural light.纸管间填充透光的乙烯基管状材料。 One large paper tube with a diameter of 1.2 m as a restroom.一个巨大的直径为1.2米的纸管充当休息室。LIBRARY OF A POET- Zushi, Kanagawa, Japan, 1991推荐精选推荐精选This library was built as an annex to a house I had previously expanded previously expanded and improved. The project was influenced by the Odawara Pavilion, which the owner had seen. He felt that a paper library would be best suited to house paper books. A variation of the paper tube truss 纸管束used in the East Gate at Odawara was used here. The tubes used in the library were 100mm in diameter and 12mm thick,用于书房的纸管直径为100，12厚。 slightly smaller than those used at Odawara, but similarly, post-tensioned steel wires承担后张力的铁丝 were used for the spanning sections. Where steel angles were used to form. the joints at Odawara, 38 square mm timber pieces were employed for the library. The four floor to ceiling bookshelves along the sides of the room are structurally independent of the paper tubes and are cantilevered off the floor, 书架与主结构桁架系统是独立的，absorbing the horizontal load. The bookshelves, which contain insulating material and have an exterior finish, were fabricated separately at a factory.MIYAKE DESIGN STUDIO GALLERY - Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan, 1994推荐精选推荐精选Zoning laws necessitated a fire-resistant external wall in order to use paper tubes as the primary structure.将纸管作为主要结构，对防火区的划定是重要的。 The paper tubes take the vertical loads. Thus the intersection of the paper tubes and the floor has been designed very simply to avoid slippage. 纸管承担竖向荷载，因此在纸管交叉处以及在与地面的连接处被特殊处理以避免滑移。The buildings plan, a 16.5 by 5.2m rectangle, is based upon the Grecian agora 希腊的集会市场- a space created simply by columns and shade. The outer row of paper tubes cast striped shadows across the floor, which change during the day, and provide a sense of animation. The ceiling casts a curved shadow on the paper tube and chairs were created specifically for this space.PAPER HOUSE - Lake Yamanaka, Yamanashi, Japan, 1995推荐精选An S-shape configuration comprised of 110 paper tubes (2.7m high, 275mm in diameter and 148mm thick) defines the interior and exterior areas of the paper house. This was the first project in which paper tubes were authorized for use as a structural basis in a permanent building. 这是第一例将纸管结构用于永久性的建筑。Ten paper tubes support the vertical load and the eighty interior tubes bear the lateral forces. 10根纸管支撑竖向的荷载80根室内纸管承担侧向力。The cruciform. wooden joints in the bases of the columns are anchored to the foundation by lug screws and cantilevered from the floor. 在基础部分的木制十字接头通过螺丝钉铆固在地基上。The large circle formed by the interior tubes forms a big area. A freestanding paper tubes column with a 1.2m diameter in the surrounding gallery contains a toilet. The exterior paper tubes surrounding the courtyard stand apart from the structure and serve as a screen. The living area in the large circle is without furnishing or detail other than an isolated kitchen counter, sliding doors, and movable closets. When the perimeter sashes are opened, the roof, supported by the colonnade of paper tubes, is visually emphasized and a spatial continuity is created between the surrounding gallery space and the outdoor terrace.推荐精选PAPER CHURCH - Nagata-ku, Kobe, Japan, 1995-2005 (disassembled)推荐精选This community center was built by church volunteers whose house of worship was destroyed by Kobe earthquake in 1995. Materials were donated by a number of companies, and construction was completed in only five weeks by the 160 volunteers. The plan(10 x 15m) is enclosed within a skin of corrugated, polycarbonate sheeting聚碳酸酯护墙板. Within this, 58 paper tubes (325mm in diameter, 14.8mm thick, and 5m high), were placed in an elliptical pattern. The eclipse is based on those in Berninis church designs, and the space between the eclipse and the outer edge of rectangular-shaped site formed a corridor and provided lateral support. At the entrance to the eclipse, the spacing of the paper tubes was widened, and the facade fully glazed to form. a continuous, unified space between the interior and exterior.JAPAN PAVILLION, EXPO 2000 HANNOVER - Germany, 2000推荐精选推荐精选Despite construction problems, the abrupt replacement of the engineer, months long construction delays, and the necessary addition of a PVC membrane over the paper membrane for fire safety issues在纸膜上加PVC膜以做防火的需要, the Pavilions has been a great leap forward in the field of paper architecture. The main theme of the Hanover Expo was the environment and the basic concept behind the Japan Pavilion was to create a structure that would produce as little industrial waste as possible when it was dismantled.创造一种结构当它被拆除时产生最小的工业浪费。 The goal was either to recycle or reuse 再循环利用almost all of the materials that went into the building. The first structural idea was for a tunnel arch of paper tubes, similar to the Paper Dome. However, the Paper Dome was limited by the high cost of wooden joints.纸圆顶因为昂贵的木节点而受限制 I proposed a grid shell using lengthy paper tubing 长型的纸管格栅and without joints to my collaborator, Frei Otto. The tunnel arch would be about 73.8m long, 25m wide, and 15.9m high. The most critical factor临界因子 was lateral strain along the long side长型方向上的横向张力, so instead of a simple arch I chose a grid shell of three-dimensional curved lines with indentations in the height and width directions, which are stronger when it comes to lateral strain.推荐精选PAPER THEATER - Amsterdam, Holland, 2003推荐精选PAPER TEMPORARY STUDIO - Paris, France, 2004推荐精选The temporary structure is a tubular space of 34.5m in length and 4.4m in width. The circular vault space is entirely covered in its length by a waterproof membrane and panel system that is supported on a system of cylindrical ribs圆柱肋骨. These are made of 29 semi-circular arches,由29个半圆弓形结构组成 equal in length, and a network of transversal wind-bracing elements横向的抗风支撑原理. The arches are at 1.2m intervals. 弓形肋骨间距1.2米。The ribs are made of paper tubes, inside 120mm diameter, 760mm external diameter.The whole structure, vault and base, is covered by a system of external membrane in PTFE (Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene in strict accordance with current fire regulations) that provides the water-proofing.整个拱顶结构和基础覆盖了一层聚四氟乙烯膜。 The two lateral facades and gables are in timber structure and infill panels.The temporary structure is conceived as one whole continuous space. The different zones are created by partial partitioning formed by tall shelving units.The space is sub-divided into successive areas: reception hall, conference room, work space, rest zone and model workshop.推荐精选CENTRE DINTERPRETATION DU CANAL DE BOURGOGNE - Pouilly-en-Auxois, France, 2005推荐精选The boathouse is the 1st phase of a large cultural complex dedicated to the history of the “Canal de Bourgogne” that also includes a small museum. It has been conceived as a paper tube structure and will shelter an old boat to present it to the public.The small museum is a place for viewing exhibitions and holding pedagogical activities教育活动. Its building is a transparent glass box, open to the surrounding landscape. Its structure relies on light metallic shelf angles轻质的角钢 used throughout the building, thus providing flexible partitions and display in the exhibition area.The boathouse and the museum are located near each other in a rural area, on the border of the canal where it forms a pool.推荐精选NAKED HOUSE - Saitama, Japan, 2000推荐精选The external walls made of two sheets of corrugated fiber-reinforced plastics and the inner walls made of a nylon fabric are both mounted on wooden stud frames and sit in parallel.外墙由两层纤维增强塑料板组成内墙采用尼龙纤维，并固定在木框架上。 In between are attached clear plastic bags, carefully stuffed with strings of foamed polyethylene for insulation purpose.中间是塞满聚乙烯泡沫的塑料袋，用于绝缘。 Through these bags a soft diffused light fills in the interior of the house.The house consists of one unique large space of two-story high in which four personal rooms on casters can be moved freely. To reduce weight and optimize mobility灵活性, these rooms are not very large and hold a minimum of belongings and fittings. They can be moved accordingly to the needs of their use. Placed against the walls of the house, in front of the heating or air-conditioning units, warm air or a cooling breeze can flow into it. They can also be put side by side and create a larger room, when their sliding doors are removed. They can be taken outside, on the terrace, for the full use of the space inside. They can also work as a supplementary floor for the children to play on top.Nomadic Museum LA, 2006推荐精选推荐精选推荐精选推荐精选首尔的这座博物馆由353只纸管和166只包装箱组成。38只直径75厘米、高10米的纸管之间以14米的距离隔开，形成廊柱，营造博物馆内的空间。而且馆体本身便于拆解和重组，博物馆的展品也充满了环保的元素，展出的家具、照片、绘画等都是可循环利用的。这座生态友好可回收的博物馆具有丰富的象征性，以包装箱传递了艺术，以纸管宣扬了文化。长城脚下的公社推荐精选推荐精选推荐精选以一个外国人身分进行这件中国境内的住宅案，我们重点在于让设计得以适当地反映该地文化及实质面向的涵构。而同时，在一个比较无法掌控细部精确度的国外环境从事建筑，不啻是种挑战。虽然此地的设计费比日本相似案件低廉许多，但是有幸获得这样的机会得以一窥中国构筑的庙堂深奥时，这点遗憾似乎就显得微不足道。为了让宽阔的基地发挥最大优势，我们引用了中国传统合院建筑的概念，让中庭坐落住宅正中，房间则以基本的方形配置围绕庭院排列。一旦概念成形，就必须开始考虑合适的建筑系统。我曾听说，由于对木构建筑的需求日益减少，中国木工匠的技艺正日渐消退当中；另一方面，傢具的品质却依然维持稳定的水平，海外市场也持续扩增。因此，我决定选用自己研发多年的傢具住宅系统（这是个利用组合式建材与隔热傢具为主要结构体与建筑外墙的系统）作为本建筑的营造方式。为了装配模矩化的傢具，我们先研究中国构造中的制式尺码与材料。不出所料，在遍寻当地的工厂之后，还是无法寻获我们在过去的傢具住宅中常使用的24木头挂钉及结构性合板（stucturalplywood）。但同时，却让我们不经意地发现另一种材料，就是竹制合板。这类合板通常被用来做为混凝土模板，漂亮刨光外皮呈现出波浪花纹，掂在手中的竹片显得结实而颇具量感，类似日本使用的结构饰板，强度却更大。我急忙带了一个样本回日本测试，结果与当初推测相符，竹制合板在结构上的确比我们熟悉的结构饰板坚固。我相，倘若可以将竹条压叠成合板，自然可制成竹LVL（胶合板）。这表示，本案的构造系统，即有可能以竹子取代原先熟悉的材料，而且，所有的内外墙及地板粉光都可在竹板施作而维持材料的一贯性。推荐精选除了哥伦比亚籍建筑师SimonVelez与他的混凝土浇灌浇灌竹子结构外，多数建筑师戮力于开发竹子结芶的尝试似乎都相继失败。竹子大小不一的直径、厚度凭添了结构计算的难度；而无法承受阳光直射与容易因干燥而脆化的特质也构成其致命伤。由于这些阻碍，我一开始并不认为竹子适合被开发为结构元素，然而，因为压制竹片合板的成功，我逐渐被这个未来可能的结构建筑元素所吸引。我也相信这栋竹制傢具住宅将会成为引领并象徵中国现代性与当代构造物的设计作品之一。 （注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!） 推荐精选