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被动语态被动语态 （The Passive Voice）中考英语语法专项复习动词系列讲座之：一、语态概述 所谓语态是指主语和谓语动词的关系。语态分为主动语态和被动语态。当主语为谓语动词所表示的动作的发出者时，谓语动词要用主动语态；当主语为谓语动词的所表示动作的承受者或对象时，谓语动词用被动语态。主动语态和被动语态都有不同的时态。Eg1. The students clean the classroom every day. 主语 谓语 宾语 学生们每天都打扫教室。 （主语the students是打扫教室这一动作发出者。）Eg2. The classroom is cleaned every day. 主语 谓语 教室每天都要打扫。(主语the classroom 是谓语动词clean这一动作的承受者。)二、被动语态的用法1. 不知道动作的执行者是谁。 Eg1. This watch is made in China. 2. 没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。 Eg1. More trees must be planted every year. 3. 需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。 Eg1. Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world. (强调汉语的适用范围广泛)4. 动作的发出者不是人时。 Eg1. Many houses were washed away in the flood. 三、被动语态的构成 被动语态的基本构成为： 助动词助动词be +及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词各种时态的被动语态都是由基本构成推演出来的，具体表现为：1. 一般现在时 主语 + am/is/are +及物动词的过去分词+ 其他 Eg1. The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 2. 一般过去时 主语 + was/were +及物动词的过去分词 + 其他 Eg1. The kite was made by him yesterday.3. 现在进行时 主语 + am/is/ are being + 及物动词的过去分词 + 其他 Eg1. A new teaching building is being built in our school now. 4. 过去进行时 主语 + was/were being +及物动词的过去分词 + 其他 Eg1. A letter was being written by her at this time yesterday. 5. 一般将来时 主语 + will/shall/be going to be +及物动词的过去分词 + 其他Eg1. More new teaching buildings will be built in the countryside next year. 6. 现在完成时 主语 + have/has been + 及物动词的过去分词 + 其他 Eg1. The work has been done by him already. 7. 过去完成时 主语 + had been + 及物动词的过去分词 + 其他 Eg1. The homework had been finished by him before 7 pm yesterday. 8. 过去将来时 主语 + would/should/(was/were) going to be +及物动词的过去分词 + 其他 Eg1. My mother said a big birthday cake would be made for me by her.9. 含有情态动词的被动语态 主语 + 情态动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词 + 其他 Eg1. The work can be done in a new way. 四、主动语态变为被动语态的基本步骤1. 把主动句中的宾语变为被动句中的主语（如是人称代词要由宾格变为主格）。2. 谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态。3. 主动句中的主语变为由by引导的宾语（人称代词由主格变为宾格）。4. 其他成分照抄。Eg1. People speak English in England. 主语 谓语 宾语 其它成分 English is spoken by people in England. 1、带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态 谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化为主语，也可以将直接宾语转化为主语。若将间接宾语转化为主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化为主语则保留间接宾语，且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。 Eg1. She gave me a book. (改为被动语态) -I was given a book. (间接宾语改为主语) -A book was given to me. (直接宾语改为主语)2、动词短语变为被动语态 许多由不及物动词和介词、副词构成的动词短语相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态。但是动词短语是个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成动词短语的介词或副词。Eg1. We should speak to old men politely. (改为被动语态) -Old men should be spoken to politely. (to不可省略) 3、带复合宾语的的动词变为被动语态 宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变为被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语补足语仍保留在原处，成为主语补足语。 Eg1. I heard Jane playing the piano in her room. (改为被动语态) -Jane was heard playing the piano in her room. 4、在主动句中感官动词(feel/see/hear/watch/notice)和使役动词(let/make/have)后接省略to的动词不定式做宾语补足语，变为被动句时省略的to要重新加上去。 Eg1. He makes the girl stay at home. (改为被动语态) -The girl is made to stay at home. Eg2. Last Sunday we heard them sing Beijing Opera in the theater. (改为被动语态) -They were heard to sing Beijing Opera in the theater last Sunday. 五、被动语态的特殊形式五、被动语态的特殊形式have / get / make sth. done “使使/让某事物被做让某事物被做”u have my hair cut Eg1. I had my hair cut yesterday.u get my bike repaired Eg1. My bike is broken. I have to get it repaired.u get the ears pierced Eg1. Students at school cant get their ears pierced.六、以主动的形式表示被动的含义的情况：1、一些表示事物感官特性的动词如: look(看起来), sound(听起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), feel(摸起来)当主语为物体时，一般用主动形式表示被动含义。Eg1. The idea sounds interesting. 这个主意听起来有趣。Eg2. This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布料摸起来很软。2、write, sell, wash, cut, drive, open, lock, read, clean, burn等词作不及物动词时，它们的主语为物，可用主动形式表被动。Eg1. This kind of shirt sells well here.Eg2. This pen writes smoothly.Eg3. The car drives well.3、want, need, require等词表“需要”时，后边可跟ing形式表被动，相当于to be done.My bike needs repairing.= My bike needs to be repaired.七、江西省中考命题趋势 江西省英语中考题每年都要涉及到被动语态，下面我们来分析2007年至2011年这五年的中考原题。（2007）38.-I feel very happy that I _to be the host. -Congratulations!A. choose B. am chosen C. was chosen D. have chosen【解析】考查动词的被动语态。判断语态必须看主语和谓语动词的关系。选项中的choose 为及物动词，一般及物动词都要接宾语，题干中横线后面没有出现宾语，就说明主语I为choose的承受者，故应用被动语态，排除主动语态的选项A和D，由题意知道被选为主持人是发生在过去的动作，不是经常性的动作，所以用一般过去时态，故选C。C（2008）39. -How many cakes can I have, Mum? -None, dear. They _for your father. A. prepare B. prepared C. have prepared D. were prepared 【解析】考查动词的被动语态。通过审题可知答句的后一句的主语they是指前面提到的cakes，四个选项中的谓语动词都是prepare (准备)，蛋糕只能是“被准备”的，故用被动语态，选项中只有D为被动语态。D（2009）40.I _ to get there before seven tomorrow, so Ill have to get up early.A. told B. have told C. will tell D. was toldD【解析】考查动词的被动语态。题干的第一分句的主语为I，四个选项中的谓语动词都有tell，tell为及物动词，如果I是tell这个动作的发出者，则tell后一定会有对象，而它后面没有动作的承受者，所以我们认为I即为tell这个动作的对象，所以这个句子用被动语态，四个选项中只有D为被动语态的形式。（2010）38. -Can you tell me how to make apple juice? -Sure. Please watch carefully and you will see how it _. A. is made B. is making C. makes D. will makeA【解析】考查动词的被动语态。通过审题我们可知答句中的第二句see后面的宾语从句的主语it是指上面提到的apple juice，它只能是谓语动词make（制作）的对象，故用被动语态，四个选项中只有选项A为被动语态的形式，故选A。（2011）40. -What happened to Billy? -He_ because of his drink-driving. A. is caught B. was caught C. has caught D. had caught B【解析】考查动词的被动语态。答句的主语为he，四个选项中都是catch的不同时态和语态，catch为及物动词，如果he为catch动作的发出者，catch后面要出现宾语，而原句catch后面没有宾语，所以he只能是catch动作的对象，故用被动语态；又因上句What happened to Billy?用的是一般过去时态，可知他因酒驾被抓是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时态的被动语态，选项B为正确答案。我省中考命题趋势： 由上面分析可知我省每年中考都会在单项选择题中考到一道涉及到被动语态的小题。近五年的考题基本上就涉及两种时态的被动语态-一般现在时和一般过去时，跟动词时态题相似，题目中也没有具体的时间短语提示，时态要通过对上下文的推敲来确定，题目难度适中。预计2012年中考会延续这种趋势，不会考得太复杂，仍将考查一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时以及含有情态动词的被动语态。八、迎考对策 1. 解答被动语态题目时，首先要判断主语和谓语动词的关系。如果主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者，则用主动语态；如果主语是谓语动词所表示动作的承受者，则用被动语态。 2. 对综合考查时态和语态的题目，要根据语境和时间关系先确定语态，再确定时态。 3. 在平时复习备考时，要把各种时态的被动语态的具体构成熟记于胸，并着重记忆一些不规则动词的过去分词。 4. 做足量的针对性练习，提高自己的实际解题能力。九、针对性练习1. George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding? -No, I _. Did they have a big wedding? A. wasnt invited B. havent invited C. havent been invited D. didnt invited 2. The baby now _ by the nurse in the hospital. A. looks after B. is looking after C. is being looked after D. has looked after3. I know he wont come to the party unless he_. A. will invite B. is invited C. will be invited D. invites4. To make our city more beautiful, rubbish _ into the river. A. neednt be thrown B. mustnt be thrown C. cant throw D. may not throw5. How often _ your school sports meeting _? Once a week. A. does, hold B. was, hold C. is , held D. did, holdACBCB6. The village is building a school. I hope it _before August this year. A. finishes B. is finished C. will finished D. will be finished7. The doctor looked over Peter carefully as soon as he _to the hospital. A. takes B. is taken C. took D. was taken8. Half of the work _ by now. A. has finished B. has been finished C. have been finished D. has been finishing9. Many people are made _what theyre not interested in. A. to be done B. to do C. do D. doing10. -Do you like the skirt? -Yes. It _soft and comfortable. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt11. I _ yesterday. It was broken. A. had my bike repair B. had my bike repairs C. had my bike repaired D. has my bike repaired DDBCCBEx.请将下列主动语态变成被动语态。请将下列主动语态变成被动语态。1.The farmer made the horses work the whole day. The horses_ _ _ _ the whole day.2.Mum asks the twins not to swim in the lake. The twins _ _ _ _ _ in the lake.3.I saw a mouse run into the room. A mouse _ _ _ _ into the room.4.I often hear him sing English songs. He _ often _ _ _ English songs.5. Lily took care of the baby last night. The baby _ _ _ _by Lily.6. He showed her some pictures. She _ _some pictures. Some pictures _ _ _her. were made to workare asked not to swim was seen to runis heard to singwas taken care ofwas shownwere shown to
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