英语语言学框架知识中文版

一、绪论语言学的定义语言学的研究范畴几对基本概念语言的定义语言的甄别特征Whatislinguistics?什么是语言学？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。Thescopeoflinguistics语言学研究的范畴Phonetics语音学Phonology音系学Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Appliedlinguistics应用语言学Prescriptivevs.descriptive规定性与描述性Descriptive：alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptive:itaimslaydownrulesforcorrectbehavior.Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokendata.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedonhighwrittenlanguageSynchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历史性ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudyInmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.Speechandwriting口头语与书面语Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:（1）speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution2） 2）alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting3） speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguageLanguageandparole语言与言语LanguagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityParolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuseCompetenceandperformance能力与运用ChomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunicationWhatislanguage?什么是语言？LanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunicationCharacteristicsoflanguage:语言的特性Languageisarule-governedsystemLanguageisbasicallyvocalLanguageisarbitrary(thefactdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.ThisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswellillustratedbyafamousquotationfromShakespearesplayRomeoandJuliet:Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.)LanguageisusedforhumancommunicationDesignfeaturesoflanguage语言的甄别特征AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspecified12designfeatures:1) )arbitrariness武断性2) productivity创造性3) duality二重性4) displacement移位性5) culturaltransmission文化传递性、音系学语言的声音媒介什么是语音学八上央发音器官音标宽式和严式标音法英语语音的分类音系学和语音学语音、音位、音位变体音位对立、互补分部、最小对立几条音系规则超切分特征Twomajormediaofcommunication:speechandwritingThelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。Phonetics语音学:isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworldslanguage.Threebranchesofphonetics:articulatoryphonetics发音语音学(mosthighlydeveloped),auditoryphonetics听觉语音学andacousticphonetics声学语音学Organsofspeech发音器官Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareasorcavities:Thepharyngealcavity咽腔thethroatTheoralcavity口腔themouthThenasalcavity鼻腔thenoseVibrationofthevocalcords(声带)resultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing浊音，whichisafeatureofallvowels元音andsomeconsonants辅音。单词补充：01)velum:Thesoftpalate.软腭02)uvula:Asmall,conical,fleshymassoftissuesuspendedfromthecenterofthesoftpalate.小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块03)larynx:n.喉04)vocalcord:声带05)membrane:n.Athin,pliablelayeroftissuecoveringsurfacesorseparatingorconnectingregions,structures,ororgansofananimaloraplant.膜薄而柔软的组织层，覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物器官06)thesoftpalate:软腭07)thehardpalate:硬腭08)theteethridge:齿龈09)alveolus:Atoothsocketinthejawbone牙槽颚骨处的牙床10) theteeth:牙齿11) thelips:上下唇12) bladeoftongue:舌面13) backoftongue:舌根14) pharyngealcavity:咽腔15) nasalcavity:鼻腔16) velar:Articulatedwiththebackofthetonguetouchingornearthesoftpalate,as(g)ingoodand(k)incup.软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的，如在good中的(g)以及在cup中的(k)17) thetipofthetongue:舌尖18) theupperfrontteeth:上齿19) theroofofthemouth:上颚20) thelowerlip:下唇音标宽式和严式标音法InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)Thevowels(monophthongsanddiphthongs)元音(单元音&双元音)Theconstants辅音Broadtranscription:transcriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.(indictionariesandteachingtextbooks)用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法，这种音标法常见于词典和教科书。Narrowtranscription:thetranscriptionwithdiacritics.但实际上，同一语音在不通的语音环境中的发音不尽相同，比如Pit和spit中的/P/音发音就不一样。在宽式标音的基础上，再用变音符号表示同一语音在不同的语音环境下不同发音的标音法叫做窄式标音法。ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds英语语音的分类Thebasicdifferencebetweenavowelandaconstantisthatinthepronunciationoftheformertheairthatcomesfromthelungsmeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenose,orthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritisobstructedinonewayoranother.ClassificationofEnglishconstants英语辅音分类此主题相关图片如下：双唇音唇占普PentalAhMQ-Lar齿槽看PalidAl恳畜Velar.软聘音Glottal户门音Stops淳麟音VLP|tkVDbdFbicitivK事新VLhTOzAffricates塞舞音VLi-&-tjVDv四）由Nasals鼻音VDmnTLituids回音VDlrGliffes幡各VDwjClassificationofEnglishvowels:thepositionofthetongueinthemouth舌位高彳氐:theopennessofthemouth,口的张开程度:theshapeofthelips园唇与否:lengthofthevowels元音的长度此主题相关图片如下:Phonology音系学Phonologyandphonetics音系学和语音学Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages.语音学研究的是人类所有语言的语音，旨在对语音进行描述和分类。Phonologyisinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.音系学研究的重点是特定语言的语音体系，语音表达意义作用。Phone,phonemeandallophone语音，音位，音位变体Phones,whichcanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.语音是语音学研究的单位，是一个个具体的声音。Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.音位是音系学研究的单位，是抽象的概念，每一个音位是一组语音特征的集合体，音位具有区别意义的作用。Thedifferentwhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.音位变体是一个音位在特定的语音环境力的具体体现，同一音位在不同语音环境里体现为不同的变体，也就是语音。Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalpair音位对立，互补分布，最小对立对ropeandrobethat/P/and/b/canoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning;thereforetheyareinphonemiccontrast.可以出现在不同语音组合中的同一为止，产生意义差别。/P/and/Ph/thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.penandben最小对立对指出现在同一位置上的一个音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合。Somerulesinphonology几条音系规则Sequentialrules序列规则:blik,klib,bilk,kilbispossible.Butlbki,ilbk,bkil,ilkbnotpossible.Assimilationrules同化规则Deletionrule省略规则Sign,design,thereisnogsoundSignature,designationthegispronounced.Deleteagwhenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconstant.Suprasegmentalfeaturesstress,tone,intonation超切分特征一一重音，声调，语调thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;超切分特征指切分即单音层面以上的音系特征。三、MORPHOLOGY形态学请结合学中的构词法进行学习。语素：语言最小的意义单位语素的类型复合词的类型复合词的特征Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Itisdividedintotwosub-branches:inflectionalmorphologyandlexicalorderivationalmorphology.形态学研究单词的内部结构以及构词规则，有屈折形态学和词汇形态学两大分支。Morpheme:thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.语素：语言最小的意义单位。FreeMorpheme:Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.(independent)自由语素可以作为单词独立使用。BoundMorpheme:Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.粘着语素必须和其他语素结合成单词BoundMorphemeincludestwotypes:(1)root(2)Affix(词缀)1) Inflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀)(inflectionalmorphemes):affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional2) Derivationalaffixes(派生词缀)A)prefix:Aprefixcomesbeforewords.B)suffixAnadjectivesuffix(形容词后缀)thatisaddedtothestem,whateverclassisbelongsto,theresultwillbeanadjective.free=freeroot(自由词根)Morpheme(词素)BoundrootprefixboundderivationalaffixsuffixinflectionalRootandstem(词根和词干)1 )Root2)StemThedifferencesbetweenrootandstem:Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Astemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.IndividualisticUndesirablesIndividualist(stem)undesirable(stem)Individual(stem)desirable(stem)dividual(stem)desire(root,stem)divide(root,stem)Affixation词缀法(Derivation派生法)：addingword-formationorderivationalaffixestostem.Prefixation前缀:Itstheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixestostems.1)表示否定nagativeprefixes:un-,non,in-,dis,a-etc.2 )reversativeorprivativeprefixes:un-,de-disetc.3）表示贬义pejorativeprefixes:mis-,mal-,pseudo-etc.4）表示程度degreeorsizeprefixes:arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-etc.5）表示方向、态度orientation&attitudepre万xes:counter-,contra-,anti-,pro-etc.6）locativeprefixes:super-,sub-,inter-,trans-etc.7）表示时间、次序timeandorderprefixes:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-etc.8）表示数量numberpre万xes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-/poly-etc.9）混杂miscellaneousprefixes:auto-,neo-,pan-,vice-Suffixation后缀:Itstheformationofanewwordbyaddingsuffixestostems.1）nounsuffixes2）adjectivesuffixes3）Adverbsuffixes4）verbsuffixesCompounding复合法（alsocalledcomposition）Compounding:istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestemsFormationofcompoundsNounnoun（名词+名词）handbook,sunshineAdjectivenoun（形容词+名词）highway,deadlineAdjectivenoun-ed（形容词+名词+ed）white-haired,red-eyedVerbnoun（动词+名词）driveway,breakwater（挡水板）Adverbnoun（副词+名词）downtown,overburdenNoun verb（名词+动词）toothpick, snowfallVerb adverb （动词 + 副词）follow-up, kick-offNounadjective（名词+形容词）world-famous,lifelong-ingformnoun（ing名词）bakingpower,dining-roomotherforms（其他）go-between,father-in-lawFeaturesofcompounds复合词的特征Orthographically书写特征（Compoundsarewritteninthreeways:solid（airmail）hyphenated（air-conditioning）open（airforce,airraid）2.Syntactically句法特征（复合词的词性一般取决于复合词最后一个成分的词性）3.Semantically语义特征（复合词的意义具有习语性质，许多复合词的意义都不是其构成成分意义和总和）4.Phonetically语音特征（复合词的单词重音落在第一个构成成分上）