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第二篇第二篇阅读阅读第二节意义猜测题的解题技巧第二节意义猜测题的解题技巧根据语境猜测生词或短语的意思，或者推根据语境猜测生词或短语的意思，或者推断熟词生义，是考生必须掌握的一项重要阅读断熟词生义，是考生必须掌握的一项重要阅读技能，因此，意义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必技能，因此，意义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型。这类题包括猜测单词、短语、句子的考题型。这类题包括猜测单词、短语、句子的意思和判断指代内容。题干中通常含有意思和判断指代内容。题干中通常含有mean，refer to 或者或者 be replaced by 等。等。1The word “ABC”in the passage probably means _2The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _3Which of the following is closest/nearest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph?4The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _ 5The word “it/them” in the first paragraph refers to _一、常见的设问形式一、常见的设问形式1根据近义词关系推测。根据近义词关系推测。作者可能会用一个近义词或者同义词去解释另一作者可能会用一个近义词或者同义词去解释另一个更难的词，以便使它的文字意思更清楚。我们可以通个更难的词，以便使它的文字意思更清楚。我们可以通过寻找近义词来推测生词的意思：一要看由过寻找近义词来推测生词的意思：一要看由and或或or连连接的同义词词组；二要看在进一步解释的过程中使用的接的同义词词组；二要看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词。近义词往往出现在同一句或者同一段落中。如：同义词。近义词往往出现在同一句或者同一段落中。如：At the beginning they did not have enough capital to start a business，nor were they able to borrow the amount of money they needed from the bank.二、解题技巧二、解题技巧根据根据 nor结构后的结构后的money，bank 可以推测可以推测capital 在这里不是指在这里不是指“首都首都”而是指而是指“资金资金”。2根据反义词关系推测。根据反义词关系推测。作者常常通过使用反义词来使文章更具表现力，作者常常通过使用反义词来使文章更具表现力，我们可以利用反义词作为线索去推测句中出现的生词的我们可以利用反义词作为线索去推测句中出现的生词的意思：一看表转折关系的连词或副词，如意思：一看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二看与等；二看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语。搭配的或表示否定意义的词语。如：如： (1)He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据根据not at all.handsome我们不难推测出我们不难推测出homely即即“不英俊的、不漂亮的不英俊的、不漂亮的”意思。意思。(2)Metal expands when heated and contracts when cooled.从句子结构看，从句子结构看，expand与与contract相对应，相对应，when heated与与when cooled相对应。因为相对应。因为“加热加热”与与“使冷使冷却却”是相反的动作，那么是相反的动作，那么contract就应是就应是“收缩收缩”的意的意思。思。 3根据同位或解释关系推测。根据同位或解释关系推测。当作者不能肯定读者能够理解他的意思时，他会当作者不能肯定读者能够理解他的意思时，他会用另外一种方式陈述自己的观点。我们可以通过生词后用另外一种方式陈述自己的观点。我们可以通过生词后的定语的定语(定语从句或分词短语等定语从句或分词短语等)、表语、同位语、逗号、表语、同位语、逗号、括号、破折号等的解释说明来推测生词的意思。常见的括号、破折号等的解释说明来推测生词的意思。常见的用来表示同位或解释关系的词或短语有：用来表示同位或解释关系的词或短语有：is，means，or.；that is，that is to say；in other words，to put it another way；be called，.is/are known as (被称被称为为)，.can be defined as等。如：等。如： (1)But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time.Then there is a dry period，or drought由由or可知可知a dry period和和drought是同义语。故是同义语。故drought的意思为的意思为“久旱，旱灾久旱，旱灾”。(2)It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is，it will break easily.从后面的从后面的“that is，it will break easily”可知可知brittle 是是“脆的脆的”的意思的意思。 4根据转折或对比关系推测。根据转折或对比关系推测。由上下句之间的表示转折或对比关系的连词或副由上下句之间的表示转折或对比关系的连词或副词，如词，如but，however等来推断。如：等来推断。如：She is usually prompt for all her class，but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.由由but后面后面“第一节课上了一半才来第一节课上了一半才来”反向推理，反向推理，可得出她平时一向可得出她平时一向“准时准时”的结论。的结论。 5根据因果关系推测。根据因果关系推测。通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词，既可由因推果，也可由间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词，既可由因推果，也可由果推因。有时文章借助关联词，如果推因。有时文章借助关联词，如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等表示等表示因果关系。如因果关系。如： (1)You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fault.通过通过for引出的句子所表示的原因引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错那不是他的错)，可猜出可猜出blame的词义是的词义是“责备责备”。 (2)The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanentSo the player could never play the sport again.从从so后面的结果后面的结果“永远不能再运动永远不能再运动”中，可以中，可以推测推测 permanent的意思为的意思为“永远的，永久的永远的，永久的”。6根据列举的实例推测。根据列举的实例推测。根据根据such as，for example等后列举的实例可推等后列举的实例可推测出前面某个词语的意思。如：测出前面某个词语的意思。如： Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt，headlights，and good brakes.根据根据such as后面列举的内容可知后面列举的内容可知devices应该为应该为“装置装置”的意思。的意思。7根据并列同类关系推测。根据并列同类关系推测。一般来说，并列的几个事物应属同类事物，由一般来说，并列的几个事物应属同类事物，由此可推测其中一个的大概意思。如：此可推测其中一个的大概意思。如： Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.从句子中不难看出从句子中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是们是两样水果，准确地说，是“菠萝菠萝”和和“椰子椰子”。8根据描述推测。根据描述推测。描述即作者为帮助读者更深入感性地了解某人描述即作者为帮助读者更深入感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。如：描写。如： The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从描述中可以得知从描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极是一种生活在南极的鸟类，后面更详尽的描述则让我们推测出它其实的鸟类，后面更详尽的描述则让我们推测出它其实是是“企鹅企鹅”。例例1 Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight.A recent research has found a new recipe of success.According to the study，if the cat is adopted before the dog，and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats，a year for dogs)，it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimminglyTwothirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.三、典例精析三、典例精析The underlined word “swimmingly” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_Aearly BsweetlyCquickly Dsmoothly解析：解析： 意义猜测题。第一句提出问题意义猜测题。第一句提出问题“猫狗能否猫狗能否同屋和谐相处？同屋和谐相处？”，第二句讲人们第二句讲人们“担心猫狗打担心猫狗打架架”，第三句说最新的研究发现成功解决猫狗打架，第三句说最新的研究发现成功解决猫狗打架的的“新秘方新秘方(a new recipe of success)”，接下来就应接下来就应是是“秘方秘方”了了，swimmingly所在句便是讲发现的所在句便是讲发现的“秘方秘方”。本句前面是条件。本句前面是条件，有了这些条件有了这些条件(即即“秘秘方方”)，两者就会两者就会“相处好相处好”了；再由本句后面一句了；再由本句后面一句中的中的“a positive relationship between their cat and dog”可以进一步确定猫狗可以进一步确定猫狗“相处得好相处得好”，故选故选D。答案：答案：D例例2 “Have a nice day.Next！” This version of the expression is spoken by a salesgirl at the supermarket who is rushing me and my groceries out the door.The words come out in the same tone (腔腔调调)with a fixed procedure.They_are_spoken_at_me，not_to_me. Obviously，the concern for my day and everyone elses is the managements attempt to increase business.What does the underlined sentence in the Paragraph mean?AThe salesgirl is rude.BThe salesgirl is bored.CThe salesgirl cares about me.DThe salesgirl says the words as a routine.解析：解析： 意义猜测题。由该段最后一句意义猜测题。由该段最后一句“Obviously，the concern for my day and everyone elses is the managements attempt to increase business.”可知。可知。此题也可以通过分析其他三个选项得出答案此题也可以通过分析其他三个选项得出答案，A、B、C三个选项文中均未提及三个选项文中均未提及，属于无中生有。属于无中生有。答案：答案：D例例3 Well，at last we have copperbottomed research that supports demand feeding and points out the weaknesses of strictly timed feeding.The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do better at school at age 5，7，11 and 14，than babies fed according to the clock.By the age of 8，their IQ(智智商商)scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable.This research comes from Oxford and Essex University using a sample (样本样本)of 10，419 children born in the early 1990s，taking account ofparental education，family income，a childs sex and age，the mothers health and feeding style.These results dont surprise me.Feeding according to schedule runs the risk of harming the rapidly growing brain by taking no account of sinking blood sugar levels. I hope this research will put an end to advocating strictly timed baby feeding practices.The word “copperbottomed” in the passage is closest in meaning to _ Abasic Breliable Csurprising Dinteresting解析：解析： 意义猜测题。由试验结果的具体描述可知选意义猜测题。由试验结果的具体描述可知选B。解答本题。解答本题，也可代入四个选项的意思也可代入四个选项的意思，A为为“基基本的本的”，B为为“可靠的可靠的”，C为为“令人惊讶的令人惊讶的”，D为为“有趣的有趣的”，只有只有B最适合。最适合。答案：答案：B例例4 Using a web camera equipped in Jennifers Los Angeles apartment，the monitor in Phoenix tracked how frequently her eyes moved from the computer screen and listened for the secret sounds of a possible helper in the room.Her Internet access was locked remotely to prevent Internet searches，and her typing style was analyzed to make sure she was who she said she was.Did she enter her student number at the same speed as she had in the past? Or was she slowing down?In the battle against cheating，this is the cutting_edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education.The underlined expression “cutting edge” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_Aadvanced techniqueBsharpening tool Ceffective ruleDdividing line 解析：解析： 意义猜测题。由第一段的具体描述来看意义猜测题。由第一段的具体描述来看，这是防止作弊的先进技术这是防止作弊的先进技术，选选A。其他选项。其他选项“磨磨锐刀具锐刀具”“”“有效的规则有效的规则”和和“分界线分界线”都不合语都不合语境。境。答案：答案：A例例5 Here lies the problem for travel writer and food critic (评论家评论家)Edie Jarolim.“I always loved traveling and always liked to eat，but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing_both of those things.”The underlined word “both” refers to_Atraveling and workingBwriting and shoppingCtraveling and eatingDwriting and eating解析：解析： 意义猜测题意义猜测题，判断判断both指代的内容指代的内容，由前一分句由前一分句“I always loved traveling and always liked to eat”可知。可知。答案：答案：C例例6 However，to succeed in life，one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical.And，in addition to that，in order to generally good at something，one needs to spend at least 10，000 hours studying and practicing.To become great at certain things，itll require even more time，time that most people wont put in.T h e u n d e r l i n e d w o r d “ t h a t ” re f e r s to_Abeing good at somethingBsetting a practical goalCputting in more timeDsucceeding in life解析：解析： 意义猜测题。判断代词意义猜测题。判断代词that指代的内指代的内容。代词是意义衔接的手段之一容。代词是意义衔接的手段之一，此处的代词此处的代词that替代前句中的替代前句中的“set a goal and then gradually make it more practical”，故选故选B。答案：答案：B(一一)阅读下列文段，从题后所给的阅读下列文段，从题后所给的A、B、C和和D项中选出最佳选项。项中选出最佳选项。1We studied the board critically.Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard，rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured_up our designs.Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought.We had plans for that tendollar grand prize，each and every one of us.u即学即即学即练练Im going to spend mine on candies, one hopeful would announce, while another practiced looking serious, wise and rich. T h e u n d e r l i n e d p h r a s e p r o b a b l y means_. Aformed an idea for Bmade an outline for Cmade some space for Dchose some colors for 意义猜测题。根据对比关系和近义推测意义猜测题。根据对比关系和近义推测，上下句是上下句是Some.Others.句式句式，“while we conjured up our designs”的对应部分是的对应部分是“while deep in thought”，可见可见conjured up的意思是的意思是“思思考考，想象想象”，故选故选A。解析：解析：答案：答案：A 2Parents and kids today dress alike，listen to the same music，and are friends.Sometimes，when Mr.Ballmer and his 16yearold daughter，Elizabeth，listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy，such as pop culture，he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.“I would never have said to my mom，Hey，the new Weezer album (威瑟乐团的专辑威瑟乐团的专辑)is really great.How do you like it？” says Ballmer.“There was just a complete gap in taste.”Music was not the only gulfFrom clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations，earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.Today，the generation gap has not disappeared，but it is getting narrow in many families.The underlined word “gulf” in Paragraph 3 most probably means_Ainterest BdistanceCdifference Dseparation解析：解析： 意义猜测题。因意义猜测题。因 “Music was not the only gulf.”与上段末句是递进关系与上段末句是递进关系，可见可见gulf与与gap是近是近义关系；这里是回忆过去与现在义关系；这里是回忆过去与现在(文章首段文章首段)的对比的对比，可见这里的可见这里的gulf与文章首段首句中的与文章首段首句中的alike和和same是 反 义 关 系是 反 义 关 系 ， 因 此因 此 ， g u l f 的 意 思 是的 意 思 是 “ 差 异差 异(difference)”。答案：答案：C 3Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes.They see the 1960s as a turning point.Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say (有发言有发言权权)“My parents were on the before side of that change，but todays_parents，the_40yearolds，were_on_the_after_side，” explains Mr.Ballmer. By saying “todays parents，the 40yearolds，were on the after side.” Mr.Ballmer means that todays parents_Afollow the trend of the changeBcan set a limit to the changeCfail to take the change seriouslyDhave little difficulty adjusting to the change解析：解析： 意义猜测题。结合上一段可知意义猜测题。结合上一段可知，todays parents就是就是60年代后的父母年代后的父母，他们与孩子有更多他们与孩子有更多的交流的交流，更加民主更加民主，他们应当是他们应当是“顺应这种变化顺应这种变化趋势趋势”的的，故选故选A。答案：答案：A 4My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my fathers knee，his arm in a bandage.He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war.For as long as I can remember，he had a weak heart.Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes.He said_it_was because of the cigarettes.Whichever，he died suddenly in his early 50s.The underlined word “it” refers to the fathers_Aweak heart Btaking a shore jobCfailure to return to sea Dinjury caused by a torpedo 意义猜测题。判断代词意义猜测题。判断代词it指代的内容。由本指代的内容。由本段中的段中的“he had a weak heart”可知可知，it指指weak heart。解析：解析：答案：答案：A5The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces.It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. “ “The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions，” Jack said，“Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion，Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”What does the underlined word “they” refer to?AThe participants in the study.BThe researchers of the study.CThe errors made during the study.DThe data collected from the study. 意义猜测题。判断意义猜测题。判断they指代的内容。前一指代的内容。前一段说到研究人员选取了段说到研究人员选取了13个西方白种人和个西方白种人和13个东方个东方亚洲人亚洲人，通过观察他们的眼部运动来研究文化差异；通过观察他们的眼部运动来研究文化差异；此处此处“that they show”是修饰是修饰“eye movement”的的定语从句定语从句，意为意为“他们表现出来的眼部运动他们表现出来的眼部运动”，这，这个个“他们他们”，自然就是指在这项研究中参加测试的，自然就是指在这项研究中参加测试的那那26个人个人，故选故选A。 解析：解析：答案：答案：A (二二)阅读下列短文，从题后所给的阅读下列短文，从题后所给的A、B、C和和D项中选出最佳选项。项中选出最佳选项。For five days，Edmontons Downtown Park is changed into one huge stage where artists are able to share their talents，and where people are able to celebrate and enjoy themselves.Since its beginning in 1980，the Edmonton Folk Music Festival has been commemorating the true feeling of what folk music is all about and thats the traditional belongingness that is felt when people gather to share stories and feelings through songs.This year will be the sixth year when volunteer Riedel will be offering up her time to the festival.“People coming_off a busy spring and summer can have a moment of relaxation，” Riedel said.“Its really easy to relax，and its great seeing family and friends have fun together.” These families and friends come from all different kinds of musical tastes.People who take pleasure in Blues are there，so are people who love Bluegrass.This festival does its best to develop everyones musical interests.With so many years of experience，the_festival_has_become_a_welloiled_machine，and does whatever it can to make attendees feel as comfortable as possible.There are free water stations throughout the venue (举办地举办地) for people to fill up their travel cups.When people buy food，reusable ashes are given a $2 plate fee，but that is returned when the plate is brought back.1What does the underlined word “commemorating” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? ASharing. BFeeling.CCelebrating. DExpressing. 根据上文的根据上文的“celebrate and enjoy themselves”可推断可推断“commemorating”表示表示“庆庆祝祝”。解析：解析：答案：答案：C2.The underlined word “belongingness” in Paragraph 1 has the closest meaning with _ Atogetherness BhappinessCfriendliness Dgoodness 根据下文的根据下文的gather to share.推断推断“belongingness”意为意为“聚会聚会”。解析：解析：答案：答案：A3.The underlined phrase “coming off” in Paragraph 2 probably means _ Aenjoying BexperiencingCwanting Dleaving 根据下文根据下文“can have a moment of relaxation”可知是可知是“经历经历”了忙碌的春天和夏天。了忙碌的春天和夏天。解析：解析：答案：答案：B4.What does the underlined word “Blues” in Paragraph 2 probably refer to? AA kind of color.BA kind of music festival. CA kind of music style.DA kind of music instrument. 根据上文根据上文“all different kinds of musical tastes”可知可知Blues是一种音乐风格。是一种音乐风格。解析：解析：答案：答案：C5.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 probably mean? AThe festival has to be well improved.BThe festival has been running very well. CThe festival needs more effort to support it.DThe festival has brought many benefits to people. 从上下文看从上下文看，这句话是指这个民间音这句话是指这个民间音乐节运行良好。乐节运行良好。解析：解析：答案：答案：B
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