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第一篇语言知识及应用第一篇语言知识及应用第四节智用常识推断法第四节智用常识推断法所谓常识推断法，指的是解题时将文段意思所谓常识推断法，指的是解题时将文段意思和我们原有的生活经验、文化背景知识以及科普和我们原有的生活经验、文化背景知识以及科普常识等结合起来，常识等结合起来， 进行简单推理，进行简单推理， 从而得出正确从而得出正确答案的方法。事实上，这种技巧与答案的方法。事实上，这种技巧与“逻辑推理法逻辑推理法”常常交织在一起。常常交织在一起。一、考查生活经验常识的运用一、考查生活经验常识的运用例例1Whether a person receives help depends in part on the“worth”of the case.For example，shoppers in a supermarket were more likely to give someone money to buy milk rather than to buy cookies，probably because milk is thought more essential for_1_than cookies.Passengers on a New York subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be _2_ rather than drunk.1A.shoppers BResearch Cchildren Dhealth2A.talkative BHandsome Ccalm Dsick1解析：解析：根据常识可知根据常识可知，对于健康对于健康(health)，牛奶要比饼干更重要。牛奶要比饼干更重要。答案：答案：D2解析：解析：根据常识可知根据常识可知，比起因醉酒倒比起因醉酒倒地的人来说地的人来说，人们会更愿意帮助一个因生病人们会更愿意帮助一个因生病(sick)而倒地的人。而倒地的人。答案：答案：D例例2 There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere.We can see there is a lot of sleeping on the bus or train on the way home from work in the evenings.A man will be reading the newspaper，and seconds later it appears as if he is trying to _1_it.A more embarrassing(尴尴尬尬)situation occurs when a student starts falling into sleep and the weight of the head pushes the arm off the desk，and the movement carries the rest of the body along.The student wakes up on the floor with no _2_of getting there.1A.open BEat Cfind Dfinish2A.memory BReason Cquestion Dpurpose1解析：解析：根据常识可知根据常识可知，因为坐车打瞌睡会不断地因为坐车打瞌睡会不断地点头点头，又因为头部靠近报纸又因为头部靠近报纸，所以看起来像是要吃所以看起来像是要吃(eat)报报纸一样。纸一样。答案：答案：B2解析：解析：根据常识可知根据常识可知，当一个人睡着了，他就不，当一个人睡着了，他就不记得记得(memory)睡觉时发生的事情。睡觉时发生的事情。答案：答案：A二、考查学科常识的运用二、考查学科常识的运用例例1 For the student who is not adjusting well at school，calls to home will probably be made more frequently.This circumstance can bring a challenging period for both parent and child.For the parents at home，it can be terribly disturbing to sense their child is unhappy.It is difficult to judge how we should react to this challenge：as_，we want to bring our children home to the safety of our nest；in our parentteacher role，we want to cut the ties and allow our child the opportunity to make it on his/her own.Aprotectors BremindersCinspectors Dindividuals 根据法律常识可知根据法律常识可知，父母当然是自己孩父母当然是自己孩子的监护人子的监护人(protectors)。解析：解析：答案：答案：A例例1 .some insist that stealing is always wrong，but others think that one does not need to feel so_when stealing some food to eat，if he lives in a really poor area and he is starving.Anervous BanxiousCafraid Dguilty 根据法律常识可知根据法律常识可知，偷东西是违法行为偷东西是违法行为，会让人感到有罪的会让人感到有罪的(guilty)。解析：解析：答案：答案：D例例1 I was growing up in Kuala Lumpur in the early 1960s，when children from different races and religions played and studied together in harmony.At that time my family lived a stones _from Ismails.And no one was bothered that Ismail was a Malay Muslim and I was an Indian Hindu.Adrop BthrowCmove Droll三、考查文化背景知识的运用三、考查文化背景知识的运用解析：解析：答案：答案：B 根据英语文化常识可知根据英语文化常识可知，a stones throw是固定习语是固定习语，意为意为“在附近；离在附近；离一箭一箭之远之远”。句意：那时候。句意：那时候，我家离我家离Ismail的家很的家很近。近。例例2 To make sure that he was remembered with love and respect，Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to _1_the Nobel prizes，which would be awarded to people who made great _2_to the causes of peace，literature，and the sciences.So basically，Nobel had to die before he realized what his life was really about.1A.establish BformCdevelop Dpromote2A.additions BsacrificesCchanges Dcontributions1解析：解析：根据常识可知根据常识可知，诺贝尔奖是由诺诺贝尔奖是由诺贝尔的大部分遗产建立贝尔的大部分遗产建立(establish)起来的。起来的。答案：答案：A2解析：解析：根据常识可知根据常识可知，诺贝尔奖是奖励诺贝尔奖是奖励那些为和平、文学、科学作出巨大贡献那些为和平、文学、科学作出巨大贡献(contribution)的人。的人。答案：答案：D利用常识推断法完成下列各题。利用常识推断法完成下列各题。1A major French newspaper mistook his brother for him and carried an article_the death of Alfred Nobel.“The merchant of death is dead.” the article read.Aintroducing BannouncingCimplying Dadvertisingu即学即即学即练练解析：解析：由常识可知由常识可知，报社应是报社应是“发布发布”消息消息，故选故选B。答案：答案：B2(Immediately)the officers jumped into their cars and rushed to the_hospital.Aanimal BbiggestCplant Dnearest解析：解析：根据常识根据常识，在这样紧急的情况下在这样紧急的情况下，人们的人们的第一反应是到最近的医院就医第一反应是到最近的医院就医，故选故选D。答案：答案：D解析：解析：根据常识根据常识，沙漠地区属于干旱地带沙漠地区属于干旱地带，故选故选A。答案：答案：A3The amount of usable water has always been of great interest in the world.Owning springs and streams sometimes means control, particularly in the_areas like the desert.Adry BdistantCdeserted Dwild 4It had been a year since Susan became blind.As the result of an accident, she was suddenly thrown into a world of_Aweakness BsicknessCdarkness Dsadness解析：解析：根据常识根据常识，一个人既然盲了一个人既然盲了，她的世界她的世界自然是黑暗的自然是黑暗的，故选故选C。答案：答案：C 5This statue is, of course, the Statue of Liberty.The Statue of Liberty is a woman who holds a_up high.Acane BcandleCtorch Dlamp解析：解析：根据文化背景和常识根据文化背景和常识，自由女神像手自由女神像手里拿着的是火炬里拿着的是火炬(torch)，故选故选C。答案：答案：C 6.the girl was able to lead her birds to run across the grass, but she could not teach them to_Afly BraceCswim Dsing解析：解析：根据常识根据常识，人类可以人类可以race、swim或或sing，但是不会直接像鸟一样振翅飞翔但是不会直接像鸟一样振翅飞翔，因此小女孩不能因此小女孩不能教给鸟儿飞翔教给鸟儿飞翔，故选故选A。 答案：答案：A 7Everywhere, there were the paper remains of used fireworks lying on the ground.Little boys lit more and covered their ears as they waited_for the explosions.Apatiently BcalmlyCworriedly Dexcitedly 解析：解析：语境中的语境中的“Everywhere, there were the paper remains of used fireworks lying on the ground”和和“covered their ears”使我们联想起节日放鞭炮或使我们联想起节日放鞭炮或观看别人放鞭炮的情景观看别人放鞭炮的情景，即点上鞭炮后兴奋地跑开即点上鞭炮后兴奋地跑开，捂着耳朵等着爆炸捂着耳朵等着爆炸，故选故选D。 答案：答案：D8Fire stations are strangely exciting places.In the normal course of events the great doors are shut, and behind them, the fireengines wait peacefully, brightly cleaned and lovingly cared for.But the moment the fire alarm sounds, the huge doors open immediately and the firemen come_Afleeing BlaughingCjumping Drushing解析：解析：根据生活常识根据生活常识，每当有火警的时候消每当有火警的时候消防队员都是快速出动防队员都是快速出动，此处用此处用rushing表示方式表示方式，修饰修饰come，故选故选D。答案：答案：D9Every morning she would give him breakfast in bed and bring him the papers to_Acheck BreadCkeep Dsign 解析：解析：根据文化背景知识根据文化背景知识，外国人有早上读报外国人有早上读报的习惯的习惯，句中句中papers即报纸即报纸(newspapers)，故选故选B。答案：答案：B10Sometimes I really doubt whether there is love between my parents.They are very busy working to support the family.They dont act in the romantic ways that I read in books or I see on TV._flowers to each other on Valentines Day is even more out of the question.ATaking BPassingCBuying DSending解析：解析：根据文化背景知识根据文化背景知识，Valentines Day为西方国家的情人节为西方国家的情人节，这一天情人之间、夫妻之这一天情人之间、夫妻之间一般是要互送鲜花来庆祝的。故选间一般是要互送鲜花来庆祝的。故选D。答案：答案：D11Roberta appeared on the stage.She took a deep breath and began to speak.Now she was Portia, a strongwilled_in Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice.The theatre was filled with people.She was speaking with a power she had never experienced before, the words flowing smoothly from her.Amember BactressCplayer Dcharacter解析：解析：本题考查文化背景知识。莎士比亚为本题考查文化背景知识。莎士比亚为英国文学巨匠英国文学巨匠，威尼斯商人威尼斯商人是其广为人知的是其广为人知的作品。机智、漂亮的作品。机智、漂亮的Portia(鲍西娅鲍西娅)是其中是其中character(角色角色)之一之一，故选故选D。答案：答案：D12It was a busy morning，about 8：30，when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to the hospital.I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for appointment(约会约会)at 9：30.The nurse had him take a seat in the waiting area，telling him it would be at least 40 minutes before someone would be able to see him.I saw him_his watch and decided.Ataking off BfixingClooking at Dwinding解析：解析：根据上文根据上文“I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for appointment at 9：30”，再根据常识可知再根据常识可知，当一个人与他人有约会当一个人与他人有约会时时，会担心误了时间会担心误了时间 ，所以会时不时地看，所以会时不时地看(looking at)手表。手表。答案：答案：C
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