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现在完成时精讲和专练I. 定义:表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也可以表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态II. 现在完成时的结构肯定句:have/has+ done (过去分词) 否定句:主语+have/has+not+ done (过去分词)+其他.一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+ done (过去分词)+其他.简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)No, 主语 + havent/hasnt.(否定)注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如:come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作,如live,study,be,wait等,常和since(自从)或for(经历)引导的词语连用。如:I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。III. 现在完成时的标志1.现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响, 现在完成时通常和,ever, never, twice(once), so far(到目前为止), since,for,in the past/last few years(在过去几年) , already(肯定句), yet(否定,疑问句), just(刚刚), before(以前), recently(近来) 等词连用说明:already与yet都有“已经”的意思,但already常用于肯定句,并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句,并用于句末。例如:I have already finished my homework. I havent finished my homework yet. Have you finished your homework yet?They have left. (他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里)I have had my lunch. (我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿)I cant find my watch now. I think I have already lost it.2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手。for+时段 since+过去一个时间点(过去 从句)为标志注意: 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能与when连用IV. 现在完成时的用法A表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调对现在造成的影想或结果)。例如: The car has arrived.车子来了。(结果:车子已在门口)Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。(结果:窗户仍破着)B. 表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的一段时间的状语连用,如for+时间段、since+过去的时间点、疑问词how long等。例如: My uncle has worked at this factory for five years. 我叔叔在这个工厂工作已经五年了。 Mr. Black has lived in China since 2002. 自从2002年Mr. Black 一直住在中国。 How long have you been here? 你来这里多久了? 注意:此种用法中表示持续动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词(否定句除外)。例如: (1)这本书我已经买了三个月了。 错误:I have bought the book for three months. 正确:I have had the book for three months. (2)你哥哥参军多长时间了? 错误:How long has your brother joined the army? 正确:How long has your brother been in the army/been a soldier?延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换 7leave - be away borrow - keep buy - have die - be dead begin/start - be on finish - be over fall ill -be illget up-be up catch a cold - have a cold put on wearcome/become/go - be here fall asleep - be asleep get to/ arrive/reach - be (in) get to know - know join-be a member of . (成为的一员) open -be openclose -be closed用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词,句中谓语动词用现在完成时,时间状语为“for时间段”或“since时间点”。如:He has been in the Green China for three years.He has been a member of the Green China for three years.他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。 The old man died 4 years ago.- The old man has been dead for 4 years.He joined the Party 2 years ago.- He has been in the Party for 2 years.I bought the book 5 days ago.- I have had the book for 5 days. 表示时间段的短语有:for+一段时间(for 2 years), since+从句(since he came here), since+时间点名词( since last year, since 5 days ago),how long; for a long time等。V. 现在完成时态与一般过去时态的区别 1一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。I saw this film yesterday.(强调动作发生的时间是yesterday 。)I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)2一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:ago, last week/.In 2008, in the past, just now, the day before yesterday, yesterday .Then(那时),that day, one day, once(从前)现在完成时常和recently(近来),ever, never, twice, so far(到目前为止), since,for,in the past/last few years , already(肯定句), yet(否定,疑问句), just(刚刚), before(以前)连用。现在完成时不与表示过去的时间状语连用。现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. VI. 比较since和forsince 后接时间点, for后接时间段,试比较:I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a company since 1949.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.VII. 比较 have/has been to、have/has gone to 和 have been inhave(has) been to.表示“曾去过某地,已经从那里回来了”,可以和ever、never、twice等连用。have(has) gone to表示“已经去了某地,在去那里的途中或到达那里还没有回来”。have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”,常与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:since, for, how long 等He went to Shanghai last week 上周他去了上海He has been to Shanghai. 他(曾经)到/去过上海.(但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了)He has gone to Shanghai. 他已经去上海了.(也许刚动身出发,也许已经到了,也许还在路上,反正他人不在这里)Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了语法练习I. 延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化1.He died 10 years ago. He _ for 10 years / since 10 years ago.2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. He _the book for 2 weeks.3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. He _the motorbike for a month.4. He arrived here three days ago.He _here since three days ago.5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. The light _for 2 hours.6. He left here 2 years ago. He _from here for 2 years.7. The film began 30 minutes ago. The film _ for 30 minutes.8. They opened the door an hour ago. The door _ for an hour.9. They closed the door an hour ago. The door _for an hour.10. He joined the army last year. He _ a _ for a year. He _ the army for a year. It _ a year _ he joined the army. II. 单项选择。( )1. The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year . is writing .was writing .wrote .has written ( )2. Have you met Mr. Li _?. Just . ago .before .a moment ago( )3. How long have you _ here ? About two months . been . gone . come . arrived( )4. Our country _ a lot so far .Yes. I hope it will be even _ . has changed ; well . changed ; good . has changed ; better. changed; better ( )5. _ you _ your homework yet ?Yes. I _ it a moment ago.Did; do; finished .Have; done; finished.Have; done; have finished . will; do; finish( )6. We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . know . had known . have known . knew( )7. Harry Potter is a very nice film. I _ twice. will see . have seen . saw .see( )8. These farmers have been to the United States .Really? When _ there ?. will they go .did they go . do they go . have they gone ( )9. Zhou Lang _already _in this school for two years . was ; studying . will ; study . has ; studied . are; studying( )10. His father _ the Party since 1998 .joined . has joined . was in . has been in( )11. Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . were . have been . have become . have made( )12. He has _ been to Shanghai, has he ?. already .never .ever . still( )13. Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . has begun . had begun . has been on . began( )14. It _ ten years since he left the army . Is . has . will . was( )15. Miss Green isnt in the office. She_ to the library.has gone . went .will go . has been( )16. My parents _ Shandong for ten years. have been in . have been to. have gone to . have been( )17. The students have cleaned the classroom, _? A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they( )18. has Mr. White been a member of Greener China since he to China?A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived ( )19. His uncle for more than 9 years.A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university二、句型转换。1、He has never surfed, _ ?(改成附加疑问句) 2、They have been here since 2001. (提问) _ have they been here?3、The old man _ last year. He _for a year. (die) (动词填空)4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换) This factory _ for twenty years.5、Miss Green left an hour ago. (同义句转换)Miss Green _ an hour ago.6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .(同义句) Her mother _ the Party three years _ .三、汉译英。1、他昨天收到一封信。_2、我父亲以前到过长城。_4、她去过上海。_5、他这些天上哪儿去了?_现在完成时练习 :一、 单项选择。10、_ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _ it a moment ago . A.Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished C.Have ; done ; have finished D.will ; do ; finish11、 His father _ the Party since 1978 . A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in12、Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made21.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _ for 20 minutes.A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away22. I _ the League for 5 years so far. A. joined B. have joined C. have been in23.The factory _ since the February of 1988. A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened24.Mary and Rose _friends since they met in 2000. A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become26.The meeting _ for a week now. A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over27.Miss Gao _ this school for nearly 5 years. A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught30. How long _ he _ ? A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead31. He _ at eight yesterday afternoon. A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept32.He _ the car for a week. A. bought B. has bought C. has had 33.-How long _ you _ ill ? -Two weeks. A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been35.Ill lend you the book , but you can only _ it for 2 days. A. borrow B. keep C. take40.- How long can I _ the book? - Two weeks. A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep二、 句型转换。1、He has never surfed, _?(改成反意疑问句) 4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换) This factory _ for twenty years.6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .(同义句) Her mother _ the Party three years _ .7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)_ two years _ the Green family moved to France.一、用过去时或现在完成时填空:1. “_ you _ (have) lunch ?” “Yes.”“When _ you _ (have) it?” “I _ (have) it at 12:00.”2. “_ you _ (write) a letter to your aunt yet?”“Yes, I _. I _ (write) one last week.”3. “_ he _ (finish) his homework?” “Not yet.”4. “_ they ever _ (be) abroad?” “Yes, just once.”5. Your father _ just _ (finish) his work.6. Your father _ (finish) his work just now.7. Last term I _ (learn) many English words.8. They _ (not read) the interesting books yet.9. He _ never _ (go) to the science museum.10. _ you ever _ (drink) coke?11.Have you _ (buy) a dictionary? “ “Yes, I _ .”“Where_ you _(buy) it?” “ I _(buy) it in a bookstore.”“When _ you _ (buy) it?” “ Yesterday.”二、用since和for填空1. _ two years 2._ two years ago 3. _ last month 4._ 1999 5._ yesterday 6. _ 4 oclock 7. _ 4 hours 9. _ we were children 11._ she left here12. He has lived in Nanjing _ the year before last.13. Ive known him _ we were children.14. Our teacher has studied Japanese _ three years.15. She has been away from the city _ about ten years.16. Its about ten years _ she left the city.三、用have/has been to/in, have gone to及go的各种形式填空。1) Where is Jack? He _ his country. 2) David _ the park just now.3) John _ England since he came back. 4) How long _ have _ this village?5) The Smiths _ Beijing for years. 6) _ you ever _ America? - Yes, I _ there many times.7) I _ this school since three years ago. 8) Where is Jim? He _ the farm.9) When_ he _? He _ an hour ago.10) Would you like to _ the zoo with me? -Yes, but I _ there before.11) Where _ you _ now? - I _ the zoo. 12) He often _ swimming.13) _ you _ there last year? 14) _ they often _ skating in winter?四、综合练习:I. 用never, ever, already, yet, for, since填空1. I have _ seen him before, so I have no idea about him.2. Jack has _ finished his homework _ an hour ago.3. Mr. Wang has taught in this school _ ten years.4. “Have you _ seen the film?” “No, I have _ seen it.”5. “Has the bus left _?” “Yes, it has _ left.”
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