PowerPoint PresetationMindfulness, Psychological Flexibility and PowerPoint演示文稿正念心理灵活性和

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IntroductionvMindfulness, psychological flexibility, and emotional schemas have each been related to emotional experiencing and responding, as well as to the alleviation of human suffering (Corrigan, 2004; Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, and Strosahl, 1996; Martin, 1997; Fulton and Seigel, 2005). vMindfulness, acceptance and emotional schemas have each been associated with challenging experiential avoidance and contributing to emotion regulation.vThis study focuses on the relationships between emotional schemas, psychological flexibility and dispositional mindfulness. MindfulnessvThe meta-experiential concept of mindfulness refers to a mode of perception or awareness of the present moment in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner (Kabat-Zinn, 1990). vDispositional mindfulness is an innate characteristic reflecting an individuals natural occurring ability to inhabit this intentional stance of awareness (Brown and Ryan, 2003).vMindfulness offers a perceptual, rather than cognitive or affective presentation of the current moment as it is.vDispositional mindfulness has been associated with an increased capacity to let go of negative thoughts and is viewed as a core process in psychological flexibility (Frewen, Evans, Maraj, Dozois, and Partridge, 2008; Hayes, Strosahl and Wilson, 1999).Psychological FlexibilityvPsychological flexibility has been defined as the ability to fully encounter an experience without gratuitous defense and, depending upon the context, continuing or changing behavior in the pursuit of goals and values (Hayes et al., 2006). vThe term psychological flexibility has been used as a general factor to provide a more specific description of the core processes involved in experiential avoidance and experiential acceptance (Hayes et al., 2006). vExperiential avoidance and acceptance are subsumed by psychological flexibility, although they are still useful ways to describe aspects of this construct (Bond, et al., In press).Psychological FlexibilityvExperiential acceptance is the practice of just letting things be and experiencing them as they are. It involves being open to an experience and willing to remain in contact with it, even if the experience is unpleasant (Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, and Hofman, 2006). vAcceptance can be described as second-order change or meta-change and is often viewed as preceding behavior or thought changes (Germer, 2005; Hayes, 2001). vThe focus is on changing the influence of the thoughts and emotions by shifting ones response to them and not trying to change or struggle with the thoughts or feelings themselves (Bishop et al., 2004). Psychological FlexibilityvExperiential avoidance results when an individual is unwilling to remain in contact with a particular experience and attempts to alter the form or frequency of these experiences (Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, and Strosahl, 1996).vAvoidance can be considered a broad category or class of behaviors that attempt to escape, avoid or modify a particular internal or external stimulus (Chapman, Gratz, and Brown, 2006).vIndividuals who engage in experiential avoidance often engage in more control tactics and verbal strategies to regulate their emotions (Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, and Hofman, 2006; Cochrane, Barnes-Holmes, Stewart, and Luciano, 2007).vThe negative effects of experiential avoidance result from the ineffective and often paradoxical process of attempts to avoid or alter private events (Wenzlaff and Wegner, 2000). Emotional SchemasvEmotional schemas are defined as plans, concepts, and strategies that an individual utilizes in the event of a certain emotion (Leahy 2002). vSimilarly, emotion schemas have also been described as causal or mediating processes that involve the continual dynamic interaction of emotion, cognition and behavior (Izard, 2009). vEmotional schemas can be considered complex emotion-cognition-action systems that, after a period of social and emotional development, inform emotional processing and emotion regulation strategies (Izard, 2009; Leahy, 2002). Emotional SchemasvIndividuals vary in their perception of emotions as temporary, universal, comprehensible, complex experiences that can be subject to acceptance, validation, and expression (Leahy 2007). vEmotional schema dimensions range from flexible and adaptive to more rigid and maladaptive. vThis model of emotional schemas contends that those who endorse maladaptive emotional schemas are more likely to resist certain emotions and engage in avoidant strategies (Leahy 2002). vAlso emphasizes the positive implications in overcoming avoidance, increasing emotional processing, and the role of cognition in emotional experiencing (Leahy 2007). Present Study RationalevThe current study aims to explore the relationships between emotional schemas, psychological flexibility and dispositional mindfulness. vThis research also examines the relative contribution of mindful awareness and emotional schemas to psychological flexibility.vThe roles of dispositional mindfulness and those emotional schemas which represent emotion regulation strategies will be explored in terms of their relationship with psychological flexibility.Current StudyvThe current research is a cross sectional, observational study of current patients at the American Institute for Cognitive Therapy.v202 patients volunteered to complete three brief measures assessing dispositional mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and emotional schemas. The responses are largely from intake assessments, typically collected at the beginning of therapy. vThe cognitive-behavioral therapy offered at this institute primarily was non-manualized and included elements of Beckian Cognitive Therapy and integrated with elements of ACT, DBT, and Buddhist Psychology.MeasuresvMindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown & Ryan, 2003)vThe MAAS is a 15-item self-report scale designed to assess a core characteristic of dispositional mindfulness, namely, the general tendency for open or receptive awareness and attention in the present moment experience of daily life.vThis measure has demonstrated construct and criterion validity in clinical and non-clinical samplesMeasuresvAwareness and Attention Questionnaire II (AAQ-II; Bond et al., In Press)vThe AAQ-II is 10-item self-report scale designed to assess psychological flexibility in large population based studies.vThe AAQ-II was developed from the AAQ-I resulting in enhanced item selection and psychometric properties. vFurther psychometric information can be found at http:/www.contextualpsychology.orgMeasures vThe Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS; Leahy, 2002) vThe LESS is 50-item self-report measure that asks participants to report how they have dealt with emotional experiences in the last month. vThe scale shows strong psychometric properties and has been validated with psychiatric outpatient samples (Leahy, 2002). vIt was designed to assess individuals conceptualization of their emotions and utilizes fourteen dimensions of a cognitive model of emotional processing. MeasuresvFactors/Dimensions of the LESSvValidation: a belief that other people validate or are receptive to an individuals emotions.vComprehensibility: the perception that an individuals emotions make sense. vGuilt: the belief that ones emotions are shameful, wrong or embarrassing. vSimplistic view of emotions: versus complex views and reflects difficulty tolerating ambivalent feelings. vRelationship to higher values: the belief that an emotional experience can provide insight into values clarification. vControllability: the degree to which an individual perceives he or she will be in control in the face of emotion. MeasuresvFactors/Dimensions of the LESSvNumbness: a lack of strong emotions, emotional isolation, and emotional distancing.vRationality: overreliance on logic or anti-emotionality.vDuration: the prediction of the length of emotional experiences. vConsensus: the belief that others share the same feelings.vAcceptance: the degree to which an individual allows versus inhibits an emotion.vRumination: the tendency to ask unanswerable questions and dwell on certain emotions.vExpression: willingness to experience and express emotions. vBlame: the tendency to externalize the source of the emotion.Correlational Analyses: MASS & LESS DimensionsMASSValidation.317*Comprehension .391*Guilt-.430* Simplistic view of emotions -.290*Values .256* Control .490* Numbness-.245* * p .05, * p .01Correlational Analyses: MASS & LESS DimensionsMASSRationality-.248* Duration -.187*Consensus .246*Acceptance .380*Rumination-.279 *Expression .228*Blame-.190* p .05, * p .01MASS & LESS CorrelationsvMASS positive correlations: vValidationvComprehensionvHigher valuesvControl vConsensus vExpression vAcceptance vMASS negative correlations:vGuilt vSimplistic views of emotions vNumbness vRationalityvDurationvRumination vBlame Correlational Analyses: MASS & AAQ-II MASSAAQ.493* * p .05, * p .01v Dispositional mindfulness as measured by the MASS appears to be highly correlated to psychological flexibility as measured by the AAQ-II.Correlational Analyses: AAQ-II & LESS DimensionsAAQ-IIValidation.507*Comprehension .578*Guilt-.642*Simplistic view of emotions -.392*Values .274*Control.602*Numbness-.230* p .05, * p .01Correlational Analyses: AAQ-II & LESS DimensionsAAQ-IIRationality-.237*Duration-.237*Consensus.495*Acceptance.373*Rumination-.497 *Expression.163*Blame-.364* p .05, * p .01AAQ-II & LESS DimensionsvAAQ-II positive correlations: vValidationvComprehensionvHigher valuesvControl vConsensus vExpression vAcceptance vAAQ-II negative correlations:vGuilt vSimplistic views of emotions vNumbness vRationalityvDurationvRumination vBlame ResultsvOur findings suggests that individuals who endorsed a higher capacity for mindfulness and those who reported a higher degree of psychological flexibility reported: vOther people will validate or be receptive to their emotionsvTheir emotions make sensevEmotional experiences provide insight into their values vThey can control over their emotions vTheir emotions are normal or shared by othersvAcceptance of their emotional experiencesvWillingness to experience and express their emotions ResultsvOur findings suggest that individuals who reported lower degrees of dispositional mindfulness and those endorsing lower degrees of psychological flexibility reported: vGuilt or shame in regards to their emotionsvDifficulty tolerating ambivalent feelingsvLacking strong emotional experiences vEngaging in emotional distancing vRationalization or dwelling on their emotions vTheir emotions last for a long time vExternalizing the source of their emotional experiences ResultsvThe results of this study also revealed a positive correlation between psychological flexibility as measured by the AAQ-II and dispositional mindfulness as measured by the MASS. vThis indicates that individuals who endorsed a high degree of dispositional mindfulness also reported: vMore psychological flexibilityvLess experiential avoidance vMore acceptance of their experiences Stepwise Multiple RegressionvFactors of the LESS that represent emotion regulation strategies: Rational, Expression, Rumination, and AcceptancevDependent Variable - Psychological Flexibility (AAQ- II) vIndependent Variables - Dispositional Mindfulness (MAAS) and Emotional Schema (LESS) dimensions related directly to emotion regulation strategies (Rumination, Expression, Rational, Acceptance of Feelings)Results: Stepwise Multiple RegressionResults: Stepwise Multiple RegressionResults: Stepwise Multiple RegressionvThe LESS factors Expression, and Rational were not significant predictors in this analysis and not included in the model.vA model including the LESS factors Rumination and Acceptance of Feelings, as well as dispositional mindfulness, as measured by the MAAS accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in psychological flexibility as compared to the other LESS factors hypothesized to be involved in emotion regulation strategies. v“Rumination” was included in the first step of this model, followed by “Acceptance of Feelings” and then by dispositional mindfulness. The addition of each variable resulted in statistically significant change.Results: Stepwise Multiple RegressionvThese results suggest that emotion regulation strategies involving letting go of a ruminative thinking style, accepting and allowing emotions as they arrive, and an active attending to the present moment, interact significantly with psychological flexibility. vThe degree to which a person is or is not overly-rational, or verbally expressive appears to be less important in regards to psychological flexibility. DiscussionvThe correlational results of this study imply a strong relationship between dispositional mindfulness, psychological flexibility and emotional schemas in adults seeking outpatient therapy.vWe also found some evidence for the relationships between mindfulness, emotional schema dimensions related to emotion regulation strategies and psychological flexibility. vThus, it may be possible that dispositional mindfulness and certain emotional schemas are interacting processes involved in the establishment and maintenance of psychological flexibility and adaptive functioning.DiscussionvA possible function of more adaptive emotional schemas is a greater degree of psychological flexibility and a greater receptive attention to and awareness of present experiences.vHowever, as correlations do not establish causality or direction, it is also possible that, by providing an accepting and unbiased emotional experience, dispositional mindfulness and psychological flexibility allow individuals to perceive the uniqueness of a current emotion and respond in a flexible and adaptive mannerDiscussionvOne possible interpretation of the results of the stepwise multiple regression would suggest that the foundation of psychological flexibility is informed by emotion regulation strategies that involve: vLetting go of a ruminative thinking style vAcceptance and openness towards emotions vActive, non-evaluative attending to the present moment DiscussionThis interpretation would support the hypothesis inherent in the ACT hexaflex model, that acceptance, defusion, and contact with the present moment are fundamental components of psychological flexibility. Study LimitationsvSmall sample size and clinical population limits generalizabliltyvSelf-report assessment measuresvNo causality can be assumedvAdditional variables maybe responsible for the relationships observed in this study vTherefore, there is a need for continued researchFor copies of this presentation Please contact me at:l_ReferencesBishop, S.R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N.D., Carmody, J.C., Segal, Z.V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D. & Devnis, G. (2004) Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230-241.Bond, F.W., Hayes, S.C., Baer, R.A., Carpenter, K.M., Orcutt, H.K., Waltz, T. & Zettle, R.D. (In press). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II: A revised measure of psychological flexibility and acceptance.Brown, K.W. & Ryan, R.M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848.Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D.H., Brown, T.A., & Hofman, S.G. (2006). Effects of suppression and acceptance on emotional responses of individuals with anxiety and mood disorders. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 125-1263.Chapman, A.L., Gratz, K.L., & Brown, M.Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 371-394.Cochrane, A., Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holms, Y., Stewart, I., & Luciano, C., (2007). Experiential avoidance and aversive visual images: Response delays and event-related potentials on a simple task. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 45, 1379-1388.Frewen, P.A., Evans, E.M., Maraj, N., Dozois, D.J.A., & Partridge, K. (2008). Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive Therapy Research, 32, 758-774.Germer, C.K. (2005). Mindfulness: What is it? Does it matter? In C.K. Germer, R.D. Seigel, & P.R. Fulton (Eds.) Mindfulness and Psychotherapy (pp.3-27) New York: Guilford Press. ReferencesHayes, S.C. (2001). Psychology of acceptance and change. In N.J. Smelser & P.B. Baltes (Eds.) International encyclopedia of social & behavioral sciences (pp 27-30). Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd.Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J., Bond, F., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Model, processes, and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1-25.Hayes, S.C., Strosahl K.D. & Wilson, K.G., (1999). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford.Hayes, S.C., Wilson, K.G., Gifford, E.V., Follette, V.M., & Strosahl, K., (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152-1168.Izard, C.E. (2009). Emotion theory and research: Highlights, unanswered questions, and emerging issues. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 1-25.Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Bantam Dell. Leahy, R. L. (2002). A model of emotional schemas. Cognitive & Behavioral Practice, 9, 177-190.Leahy, R.L. (2007). Emotion and Psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 353-357.
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