苏教译林版本八下英语语法总总结复习学习资料及练习

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苏教译林版本八下英语语法总总结复习学习资料及练习如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作,可以借助e, ben,get 等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.( 正 )又如:-When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.-Then you#;ve known each other for more than two years.-That#;s right.5、终止性动词的用法特征1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如:The train has arrived.火车到了。Have you joined the puter group?你加入电脑小组了吗?2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式 )。如:(1) 他死了三年了。误: He has died for three years.正: He has been dead for three years.正: He died three years ago.正: It is three years since he died.正: Three years has passed since he died.(2) 他来这儿五天了。误: He has e here for five days.正: He has been here for five days.正: He came here five days ago.正: It is five days since he came here.正: Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、 (2) 句中的 die、 e 为终止性动词,不能与表示“段时间 ”的状语连用。那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例:leave be away, borrow keep, buy have, ben/start be on, die be dead, move to live in, finishjoin be in/be a member of, open sth. keep sth.open, fall ill be ill, get up be up,。catch a cold(2)将句中表示 “段时间 ”的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。(3)用句型 “It is+ 段时间 +since” 表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。(4)用句型 “时间 +has passed+since”表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。-9988800003.止性 可用于 在完成 否定式中,成 可以延 的状 ,因而可与表示一段 的状 用。如:He hasn#;t left here since 1986.I haven#;t heard from my father for two weeks.4.止性 的否定式与until/till 用,构成 “not+ 止性 +until/till ”的句型,意 “ 直到 才 ”。如: You can#;t leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开 里。I will not go to bed until I finish drag the pture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡 。5.止性 可以用于when 引 的 状 从句中,但不可以用于while 引 的 状 从句中。when 表示的 是 “ 点 ”( 从句 用 止性 ),也可以是 “ 段 ”( 从句 用延 性 )。而 while 表示的是一个 的 或 程,从句 用延 性 。如:When we reached London, it was twelve o#;clock.(reach 止性 )Please look after my daughter while/when we are away.(be away 延 性 短 )6.止性 完成 不可与how long 用 (只限于肯定式)。如: How long have you e here?正: How long have you been here?正: When did you e here?二、 在完成 与一般 去 的区 一般 去 表示 去某个 生的事、存在的状 或 常 生的 作。的 重点只在于 述一件 去的事情,不 “ 在 ” 生的影响。如:He visited Guilin in 1998. 他 1998 年参 桂林。(只 明去桂林的 )在完成 表示 作 生在 去, 在造成了影响或 生了 果。不与确定的 去 状 用。如:Jill has bought a new puter.吉 了一台新 。(着重点是 在有了一台新 )两种 的区分(1)一般 去 的 用 去式,而 在完成 的 基本构成是“ 助 have /has + 去分 ”。如:The film started at 7 o clockHe.has been a teacher for many years.(2)一般 去 通常与表示 去的 状 用。如:yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 202等;而 在完成 常与just, already, ever, never 等副 和these days, this week, since, for等表示一段 的状 用。看看以下的几 句子,有什么区 ?Have you seen the film?(A)Did you see the film?(B) 明 你看 部 影 ?(A) 句 的是被 者 情是否了解;(B) 句 的是看 部 影的 作是否生 ,并不 是否知道其内容。How has he done it?(A)How did he do it?(B) 明 他是怎么做的 件事?(A) 句 的是他做 件事的方式 在 生了某种影响;-998880000句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B) 说明 他在北京住了8 年。(A) 句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8 年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B) 句讲的是他在北京住过8 年,现在不在北京了。三、现在完成时考点例析现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有:一、考查其构成助动词 have (has) +动词过去分词 “ 构成现在完成时。如:1.Kate#;s never seen Chinese films , A.hasn#;t she B.has she C.isn#;t she D.is she析:陈述句部分含否定词 never,简略问句部分要用肯定式,又因Kate#;s是 Kate has的缩写,故选 B。2.His uncle has already posted the photos to him.( 改为否定句 )His uncle posted the photos to him .析: already 常用在肯定句中,yet 常用在否定句、疑问句中,故填hasn#;t, yet。3.-Ann has gone to Shanghai.-So her parents.A.has B.had C.did D.have析: ”so+助 /系 /情态动词 +主语 “ 结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致,又后句的主语为herparents 是复数 ,故选 D。二、考查其用法与标志词(一 )当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before 等时,常用现在完成时。如:1.-Mum, may I go out and play basketball?-youyour homework yet?A.Do; finishB.Are; finishingC.Did; finishD.Have; finished2.-you anywhere before? -Yes, but I can#;t remember where IA.Did; surf; surfedB.Have; surfed; surfedC.Did; surf; have surfedD.Have; surfed; have surfed析:据 yet 和 before 可知 ,应用现在完成时,故1 题选 D, 2 题选 D。(二 )当句中有 ”for + 段时间 “ 或 ”since + 点时间 “ 等时,主句常用现在完成时,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,若是非延续性动词,要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语 )。如:1.His brother has been to Stone Forest twehe came to Yunnan.A.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.for析:主句用的是现在完成时,而从句用的是一般过去时,故选C。2.Tomthe CD player for two weeks.A.has lentB.has borrowedC.has boughtD.has had-998880000析: A 、 B、 C 均为非延续性动词,在肯定句中不与表” 段时间 “ 的短语连用,故选D 。3.Ia letter from him since he left.A.didn#;t receiveB.haven#;t gotC.didn#;t haveD.haven#;t heard析:据 since 可知,应排除A 、C,”hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb.“ 意为 ” 收到某人的来信“ ,故B。三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别。如:1.-Have you everLintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?-Yes, I have.A.went toB.gone toC.been inD.been to析:据句中的 have,排除 A , B 项意为 ” 去某地了 “, C 项意为 ” 一直呆在某地 “ , D 项意为 ” 去过某地 “,符合题意,故选 D 。2.My parents Shangdong for ten years.A.have been inB.have been toC.have gone toD.have been析:本题句中有 ”for+段时间“结构,据此可排除 C,B 项意为 ”去过某地“,不合题意, D 项缺介词,故选 A 。四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。如:1.Sun#;s aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正确的句子)析:非延续性动词与 ”段时间“连用时,除了把非延续性动词改成延续性动词外, 还可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型”It#;s +段时间 +since+从句“进行句子转换。故答案为:Sun#;s aunt has been there for ten years./Sun#;s aunt went there ten years ago./It#;sten years since Sun#;s aunt went there.Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.( 改为同义句 )more than ten years Susan to this city.析:据上题分析p ,且since 引导的从句要用一般过去时,故填It is, since, came 。3.I won#;t go to the concert because I my tket.A.lostB.don#;t loseC.have lostD.is ing析:因我丢了票的动作发生在过去,而且对现在造成了我不能参加音乐会的结果,符合现在完成时所表示的含意,故选C。现在完成时专项练习题及答案一、单项选择。1、 Bothhisparentslooksad .Maybethey what#;shenedtohim . .knew .have known .must know .will know-9988800002、 HehasbeentoShanghai , hashe ? .already .never .ever.still3、 HaveyoumetMrLi ? .just .ago .before .a moment ago4、 The famous writer one new book in the past two year . .iswriting .waswriting .wrote .haswritten5、 Our countrya lot so far . Yes .I hope it will be even . .has changed ; well .changed ; good .has changed ; better . changed ; better6、 Zhao Lan alreadyin this school for two years . .was ; studying .will ; study .has ; studied .are ; studying7、 We iaoLisinceshewasa littlerl . .know .hadknown .haveknown . knew8、 Harry Potter is a very ne film .Iit twe . . willsee .have seen .saw .see9、 These farmers havebeen totheUnitedStates . Really ? When there ? .willtheygo .didtheygo .dotheygo .have they gone10、 you yourhomeworkyet ? Yes .I itamomentago . .Did ; do ; finished.Have ; done ; finished .Have ; done ; have finished .will ; do ; finish11、HisfatherthePartysince1978 . .joined.has joined .was in .hasbeenin12、 Do you know him well ? Sure .We friends since ten years ago .were .have been .have bee .have made13、 How long have youhere ? About two months . .been .gone .e.Arrived-99888000014、Hurryup! Theplay fortenminutes . .hasbegun .hadbegun .hasbeenon .began15 Ittenyearssinceheleftthearmy . .is.has . will .was16、 MissGreenisn#;tintheoffe .shetothelibrary . .has gone .went .willgo .hasbeen17、 Myparents Shandong fortenyears . . have been in .have been to . havegone to.have been18、The students have cleaned the classroom,A.so theyB.don t theyC.have theyD.haven t they19、has Mr White been a member of Greener China since heto China?A.How soon, esB.How often, gotC.How long, cameD.How far, arrived20His unclefor more than 9 years.A.has e hereB.has started to workC.has lived thereD.has left the university二、句型转换。1、 He has never surfed,(改成反意疑问句)2、 They have been here since 20.(对划线部分提问 )have they been here?3、 The old man last year.He for a year(die)(动词填空)4、 This factory opened twenty years ago.( 同义句转换 )This factory for twenty years.5、 Miss Gao left an hour ago.( 同义句转换 )Miss Gao an hour ago.6、 Her mother has been a Party member for three years .(同义句)Hermother thePartythree years.7、 The Green Family moved to France two years ago.( 同义句转换 )two years the Green family moved to France.8、 The bus has arrived here.It arrived ten minutes ago.( 把两个句子合并成一个句子)-998880000三、汉译英。1、 吉姆已做完作业,他现在有空了。2、 他昨天收到一封信。3、 我父亲以前到过长城。4、 她还没有看过那部新电影。5、 她去过上海。6、 他这些天上哪儿去了?-998880000-998880000参考答案:一、单项选择。1、现在完成时主要强调过去发生的】、作对现在造的影响, 或过去发生的动作还未结束,一直持续到现在或将来,重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大,往往无时间状语,需要从上下文分析p 、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析p 、推理,正确答案是。2、现在完成时常与already(已经) ,just(刚刚, 正好),ever(曾经) ,never(从来, 也不; 从不),before(以前), yet(仍然)等连用。故2 应选 B。3、 C4、现在完成时常与recently(近来), sofar(到目前为止),inthepast/“ last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间,句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故4 应选 D。5、 C6、现在完成时时常与“for + 时间段或since +过去时间点”连用(含从句,从句过去时)。故6 应选 C。7、 C8、现在完成时还与once(一次), twe (两次), threetimes(三次), severaltimes(几次)等表示重复次数的词语连用。故8 应选 B 。9、现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆,就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去,但二者又有区别:一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作,说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情,与现在没有关系; 现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作,它不与表示过去的时间状语(如 yesterday , lastweek , amomentago 等)连用。故9 的正确答案为B 。10、B11、现在完成时中,非延续性动词不能与for 和 since 引导的表示一段时间的状语连用,通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。故11 的正确答案依次为:D。12、B13、 A14、 C15、 A 。16、“ have/has goneto + 地点”表示“某人去了某地 (还未回来) ”,指主语所指的人不在这儿。“ have/hasbeen in +地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”,常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has been to +地点”表示“曾经去过某地(但现在已不在那儿)。”故16 的正确答案为 A 。17、A18、 D19、 C20、 C二、句型转换。1、 has he?2、 How long3、 died, has been dead4、 has been open5、 has been away6、 joined; ago7、 It is, since8、 The bus has been here for ten minutes.三、汉译英。-9988800001、 Jim has finished doing his homework already.He is free now.2、 He received a letter yesterday.3、 My father has been to the Great Wall before.4、 She hasn#;t seen the new film yet.5、 She has been to Shanghai.6、 Where has he been these days?-998880000(UNIT2) 去 行 (注意 whenwhileas 引 的 状 从句。)(UNIT3) 被 复 “三步曲 ”被 是 的一种形式,表示主 是 作的承受者。在 年的中考 中,都有一定数量的考 被 的 目。因此,有必要 被 行系 复 。第一曲 :掌握被 的 构被 由 ” 助 +及物 的 去分 t; 构成。不同 的被 的差异主要体 在助 be 的 化上 ,同 助 be 要在人称和数上与主 保持一致。将初中 段常 的几种 的被 如下:1.一般 在 的被 :am/is/are+done( 指及物 的 去分 ,下同 )如 :English is used all over the world.2.一般 去 的被 :was/were+done 如: The pture was painted two years ago.3.在 行 的被 :am/is/are+being+done 如 : The flowers are being watered by them now.4.在完成 的被 :have(has)+been+done 如 :The room has been cleaned.5.一般将来 的被 :will/be going to+be+done如:The work will be finished tomorrow.6.含有情 的被 :情 +be+done 如 :Your homework must be handed in today.其它几种特殊句型:It is said that .It is well known that .It is reported that .have sth done第二曲 :掌握主 被 的方法把主 被 , 走好以下三步: 1)主 的 被 的主 ; 2)主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态形式变为被动语态形式; 3)主 构的主 介 by 的 , 成介 短 ,放在被 构的 之后。在无 明 作的 行者或只 作的承受者 ,by 短 可以省略。看示范:主 :My brotherrepairedthat bike yesterday.主 其余部分被 :That bikewas repaired(by my brother) yesterday.主 by+ 其余部分于主 被 方法的考 ,主要在句型 目中出 。只要能 按照上面介 的方法去做,一般是能 做 的。第三曲 :注意主 被 的几种特殊句型1.含有短 的被 -998880000一般来说 ,只有 及物动词才有被动语态。另外 ,许多不及物动词加上介词或副词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词 ,后面也可加宾语。在变被动语态时,注意 不可丢掉后面的介词或副词,常见的这类短语动词有:take care of, lookafter, take off, look at, send for, look up等。如 :The old people should be taken good care of.2.含有双宾语的动词的被动语态含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时,应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语,另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语(指人 )变为主语 ,直接宾语 (指物 )不变。另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物 )变为主语 ,间接宾语 ( 指人 )不变 ,这时 ,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加 for 。如 :My father gave me a new book on my birthday.I was ven a new book (by my father) on my birthday.(间接宾语作了主语)A new book was ven to me (by my father) on my birthday.(直接宾语作了主语)3.带有复合宾语的动词的被动语态带有复合宾语 (宾语和宾语补足语 )的主动语态变为被动语态时 ,只把宾语变为被动语态的主语 ,原来的宾语补足语不动。同时 ,如果宾语补足语是省略 to 的动词不定式 ,变为被动语态时 ,必须加上不定式符号 to,这类动词有make, let, see, hear, watch 等。如 :Wefind Englishvery useful. English is found very useful.宾语宾补I often hear himsing in his room. He is often heard to sing in his room.宾语宾补4.有的动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义,这类动词有 : wash, sell, smell, taste, sound, feel 等。如 :The books sell well.The food tastes good.以上四种情况在中考题目中经常出现,同学们在碰到类似题目时,应首先分析p 属于哪种情况,然后再根据掌握的知识来做题。二、被动语态考点归纳1. 主动语态改为被动语态时,被动语态应和主动语态的时态保持一致。如:We speak English .(改为被动语态)English by us.分析p 此句主动语态为一般现在时态,被动语态也应用一般现在时态,因此,答案应是is spoken。2. 注意被动语态的谓语结构。一般现在时是:am / is / are + p.p ;一般过去时是:was / were + p.p ;现在完成时是:have / has / been + p.p;现在进行时是:am / is / are / + being + p.p;含有情态动词的是:情态动词be + p.p。有诗曰:被动语态须注意,谓语不离“be”“ p。.p主”谓一致别忘记,“进行 ”易丢一个 “be。”-998880000(注: p.p 过去分词)。如:We must take good care of our eyes. (改为被动语态)Our eyes must good care of.分析p 此句中含有情态动词must,那么,我们根据“情态动词 be+p.p.”的公式可知,答案应是be taken。注意句中主谓语的一致关系。如:Tea ( grow) in southeast of China and India.分析p 此句中主语tea 是不可数名词,作主语时谓语动词应用单数形式。而此句说明的又是一自然现象,因此就应用一般现在时态。所以,答案应是is grown 。注意复合宾语的变化。如:They couldn” t make the cow go(.改为被动语态)分析p the cow go 在句中作 make 的复合宾语。一般情况下,变为被动语态后,宾语补足语的结构形式、所处位置原封不动地保存下来,但make / have / let / see / watch / hear 等后原可省的to 要还原回来。显然,此句中, the cow go 中省去的to 应还原回来,因此答案应是The cow couldn ”t be made to go.注意双宾语的变化。如:Mr Smith showed the students two ptures yesterday .(改为被动语态)Two ptures the students by Mr Smith.分析p 变为被动语态时,双宾语中的任何一个皆可变为主语,一般变直接宾语,但间接宾语前必须加上介词 to 或 for。此句中显然是把直接宾语变为被动语态的主语,那么,间接宾语前须加上介词to,所以答案应是were shown to 。6. 注意短语动词中的“小词 ”。如:The old men and the children in our country.A.must take good careB.must be taken good careC.must be taken good care ofD.must take good care of分析p 短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,应当做一个词来看待,变成被动语态后,“小词 ”不能丢弃。因此,此题答案应是C。被动语态专项练习1.How long at this job? Since 1990.A.were you employedB.have you been employedC.had you been employedD.will you be employed-998880000 What hened to the preless works of art? .They were destroyed in the earthquakeThe earthquake was destroying themThey destroyed in the earthquakeThe earthquake destroyed them3.If city noises from increasing, peopleshout to be heard even at the dinnertable 20 years fromnow.A.are not kept; will have toB.are not kept; have toC.do not keep; will have toD.do not keep; have to4. Do you like the material? Yes, it very soft.A.is feelingB.feltC.feelsD.is felt5.I need one more st before my collection .A.has pletedB.pletesC.has been pletedD.is pleted6.All the preparations for the task , and we#;re ready to start.A.pletedB.pleteC.had been pletedD.have been pleted7.Hundreds of jobs if the factory closes.A.loseB.will be lostC.are lostD.will lose8.A new cinemahere.They hope to finish it month.A.will be builtB.is builtC.has been builtD.is being built9.After the class ,the students went out of the classroom one by one, but only Mary.A.leftB.had leftC.was leavingD.was left10.The teacher told the students that theyto be useful men to the country.A.were all epectedB.were all epectingC.all were epectedD.all epected11.Hein a shower last night and got wet through.A.caughtB.was caughtC.had caughtD.caught up12.The thiefwhen he was stealing a wallet from a woman.A.hened to noteB.was taken place to note-998880000C.was hened to be notedD.hened to be noted13.Heand was made to repeat it.A.didn#;t understandB.didn#;t be understoodC.wasn#;t understandD.wasn#;t understood14.The pupils hereall kinds of eercises every day in the past few weeks.A.kept busy doingB.keep on doingC.have kept busy doingD.have been kept busy doingWhat were you doing when Tom came to see you?I on my overcoat and to visit a friend of mine.A.have just put; leavingB.was put; was leftC .had just put; was leavingD.was putting; left16.They said good-bye, hardly knog that they again.A.were never metB.will never meetC.never metD.were never to meetWhat hened to the postman?I don#;t know.Hearound here for a long time.A.hasn#;t seenB.didn#;t seeC.wasn#;t seenD.hasn#;t been seen18.Don#;t get that ink on your shirt, for it.A.won#;t wash outB.won#;t be washed outC.isn#;t washed outD.doesn#;t wash away19.Do you know anyone in Paris?No.I#;ll make friends once.A.I#;m settledB.I have settledC.I#;ll be settledD.I#;m settling20.Not having finished his homework, to watch TV.A.Mother forbade himB.so he was forbiddenC.and he wantedD.he was forbiddenBob, youon the phone.A.are needed; I#;m ingB.are wanted; ingC.are called; I#;ll eD.are rung up; Thanks22.E-mail, as well as telephones, an important part in daily munation.A.is being playedB.are playingC.have playedD.is playing-99888000023.Jacksonto work in government offe though he hated serving there.A.wantedB.was wantedC.was wantingD.had wanted24.Your cough ought before it gets worse.A.to seeB.to be seenC.to see toD.t第 26 页 共 26 页
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