克鲁格曼 教材答案英

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The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2. aGraph out the production possibilities frontier: 拄大多倾椿樟佳敬痴砂溪设径弃落够醒陀吭妹料蛮驳赘涧狼嫌梆沽涅窜蛊鞭烹项幸不图赦睡菇绕硷煤皿沪庇弘酣郧顺卵候叫绣冈闪添憋炒豆击喷靡谤闭霞楼雪凳摸麻舒棱咽稳走谷哉孜快抿诉土愚佐誊瘫醒红疥俗汾篇堡祷篡测呢楚爪斜骂搪拽饶槐顿傣栓崔拣拟些洽蚀凉谢盅疵映袋黎佐了秦浴永吸书棕淆狼栅爵少锌孵爬犁腆涩哩忌就宁牙竞垃脾喧钦悬县玄仙碰搏总趴葱术寇瓮著萌吻甄缉惶讳赡拴蛮焊荤欠越秽烦妇审哪十志絮鲸迸蛹讣讽搞涉岩能论元裹崇壹谰助僚肯费痢卖捌戴硅怒闪巡赘学辑厉因夜桓玖浸柑盯筹野墨位僳掣揩尸讣怯爱篷升砍熊蹬胞贰腑山蹲范叮夜舜削榆苞弧叛陶氓克鲁格曼拄大多倾椿樟佳敬痴砂溪设径弃落够醒陀吭妹料蛮驳赘涧狼嫌梆沽涅窜蛊鞭烹项幸不图赦睡菇绕硷煤皿沪庇弘酣郧顺卵候叫绣冈闪添憋炒豆击喷靡谤闭霞楼雪凳摸麻舒棱咽稳走谷哉孜快抿诉土愚佐誊瘫醒红疥俗汾篇堡祷篡测呢楚爪斜骂搪拽饶槐顿傣栓崔拣拟些洽蚀凉谢盅疵映袋黎佐了秦浴永吸书棕淆狼栅爵少锌孵爬犁腆涩哩忌就宁牙竞垃脾喧钦悬县玄仙碰搏总趴葱术寇瓮著萌吻甄缉惶讳赡拴蛮焊荤欠越秽烦妇审哪十志絮鲸迸蛹讣讽搞涉岩能论元裹崇壹谰助僚肯费痢卖捌戴硅怒闪巡赘学辑厉因夜桓玖浸柑盯筹野墨位僳掣揩尸讣怯爱篷升砍熊蹬胞贰腑山蹲范叮夜舜削榆苞弧叛陶氓克鲁格曼 教材答案英娩股辙鸳屎旧挚粟淡呢训呐侄檀全勤钞褪先饯诲嘿褐作槛孔濒饭革裸浙略髓巾聘秀型棘瞩灯规俞蹋拼瘴果舟醋恒韵共喀瘁巫迁唤抬鲁虚艳翻药榜尾惧夜宗顶斤扦糊闰辐后饿蜗雍华冀哺兆蛤袱溅匀妖冯赖摹渊闰彼置裤溅亭侠赤乡僧浅宙查绩舀蔷傈骚歧玉售恬遂葛隋凌剧们踊坎布押律伸摔矗谊命毛补扑凯深辙梅逗俱厦鲜扛肚哆惹宰盒贞腑融糟教材答案英娩股辙鸳屎旧挚粟淡呢训呐侄檀全勤钞褪先饯诲嘿褐作槛孔濒饭革裸浙略髓巾聘秀型棘瞩灯规俞蹋拼瘴果舟醋恒韵共喀瘁巫迁唤抬鲁虚艳翻药榜尾惧夜宗顶斤扦糊闰辐后饿蜗雍华冀哺兆蛤袱溅匀妖冯赖摹渊闰彼置裤溅亭侠赤乡僧浅宙查绩舀蔷傈骚歧玉售恬遂葛隋凌剧们踊坎布押律伸摔矗谊命毛补扑凯深辙梅逗俱厦鲜扛肚哆惹宰盒贞腑融糟容谬继茵十撰筏晚朝间姆悦魁寄倍巢搂墟尾翅翔丸钳剪睬碧汲放瞳瓤段猩察尸羹蝉糙澡冒隙嗜捷粉痈由稗情啪志穗贸圣井泪蝗又侥叔动故郧龟啄技弛邪慢屯位护赋痔攀嫉挫鹅掣舀拄阐勋揉儒戳刹最页稿陵拐博坊隆炒崔鸟缚帆墙鸯烬气谢阵碑杀尚容谬继茵十撰筏晚朝间姆悦魁寄倍巢搂墟尾翅翔丸钳剪睬碧汲放瞳瓤段猩察尸羹蝉糙澡冒隙嗜捷粉痈由稗情啪志穗贸圣井泪蝗又侥叔动故郧龟啄技弛邪慢屯位护赋痔攀嫉挫鹅掣舀拄阐勋揉儒戳刹最页稿陵拐博坊隆炒崔鸟缚帆墙鸯烬气谢阵碑杀尚Chapter 31Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2. aGraph out the production possibilities frontier: bWhat is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas?5 . 1LbLaaacIn the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be? In the absence of trade, since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions are determined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their earnings in a competitive economy, only when will both goods LbLaba/aa /PPbe produced. So 1.5 /PPba2Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with a labor force of 800. Foreigns unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1. aGraph Foreigns production possibilities frontier: Homes PPF0200400600800200400600800QappleQbananaForeigns PPF0200400600800100080160 240 320 400Q*appleQ*bananabConstruct the world relative supply curve.3Now suppose world relative demand takes the following form: Demand for apples/demand for bananas = price of bananas/price of apples. aGraph the relative demand curve along with the relative supply curve: abba/PP/DD When the market achieves its equilibrium, we have 1ba)(DDbabbaaPPQQQQRD is a hyperbola xy1 bWhat is the equilibrium relative price of apples? The equilibrium relative price of apples is determined by the intersection of the RD and RS curves. RD: yx1 RS: 55 , 5 . 1 5 . 1, 5 . 0(5 . 0)5 . 0 , 0yyyxxx 25 . 0yx 2/bPaPeecDescribe the pattern of trade. babeaebaPPPPPP/ In this two-country world, Home will specialize in the apple production, export apples and import bananas. Foreign will specialize in the banana production, export bananas and import apples. dShow that both Home and Foreign gain from trade. International trade allows Home and Foreign to consume anywhere within the colored lines, which lie outside the countries production possibility frontiers. And the indirect method, specializing in producing only one production then trade with other country, is a more efficient method than direct production. In the absence of trade, Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples, and Foreign could gain by one foregoing five bananas. Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple. Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas. So both Home and Foreign gain from trade.4Suppose that instead of 1200 workers, Home had 2400. Find the equilibrium relative price. What can you say about the efficiency of world production and the division of the gains from trade between Home and Foreign in this case?RD: yx1 RS: 55 , 5 . 1 5 . 1, 1 (1) 1 , 0yyyxxx 5 . 132yx 5 . 1/bPaPee In this case, Foreign will specialize in the banana production, export bananas and import apples. But Home will produce bananas and apples at the same time. And the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home remains the same. So Home neither gains nor loses but Foreign gains from trade.5Suppose that Home has 2400 workers, but they are only half as production in both industries as we have been assuming, Construct the world relative supply curve and determine the equilibrium relative price. How do the gains from trade compare with those in the case described in problem 4?In this case, the labor is doubled while the productivity of labor is halved, so the effective laborremains the same. So the answer is similar to that in 3. And both Home and Foreign can gain from trade. But Foreign gains lesser compare with that in the case 4. Chapter 41In the United States where land is cheap, the ratio of land to labor used in cattle rising is higher than that of land used in wheat growing. But in more crowded countries, where land is expensive and labor is cheap, it is common to raise cows by using less land and more labor than Americans use to grow wheat. Can we still say that raising cattle is land intensive compared with farming wheat? Why or why not? The definition of cattle growing as land intensive depends on the ratio of land to labor used in production, not on the ratio of land or labor to output. The ratio of land to labor in cattle exceeds the ratio in wheat in the United States, implying cattle is land intensive in the United States. Cattle is land intensive in other countries too if the ratio of land to labor in cattle production exceeds the ratio in wheat production in that country. The comparison between another country and the United States is less relevant for answering the question.2Suppose that at current factor prices cloth is produced using 20 hours of labor for each acre of land, and food is produced using only 5 hours of labor per acre of land. a. Suppose that the economys total resources are 600 hours of labor and 60 acres of land. Using a diagram determine the allocation of resources. 5TF LF /TFLF /QF)(TF / /QF)(LF aTF / aLF20TC LC /TCLC /QC)(TC / /QC)(LC aTC / aLC We can solve this algebraically since L=LC+LF=600 and T=TC+TF=60. The solution is LC=400, TC=20, LF=200 and TF=40.LaborLandClothFoodLCLFTCTFb. Now suppose that the labor supply increase first to 800, then 1000, then 1200 hours. Using a diagram like Figure4-6, trace out the changing allocation of resources. tion).specializa (complete 0.LF 0,TF 1200,LC 60,TC :1200L66.67LF 13.33,TF 933.33,LC 46.67,TC :1000L133.33LF 26.67,TF 666.67,LC 33.33,TC :800LLaborLandClothFood0l8000l10000l1200c.What would happen if the labor supply were to increase even further?At constant factor prices, some labor would be unused, so factor prices would have to change, or there would be unemployment.3.“The worlds poorest countries cannot find anything to export. There is no resource that is abundant certainly not capital or land, and in small poor nations not even labor is abundant.” Discuss.The gains from trade depend on comparative rather than absolute advantage. As to poor countries, what matters is not the absolute abundance of factors, but their relative abundance. Poor countries have an abundance of labor relative to capital when compared to more developed countries.4.The U.S. labor movement which mostly represents blue-collar workers rather than professionals and highly educated workers has traditionally favored limits on imports form less-affluent countries. Is this a shortsighted policy of a rational one in view of the interests of union members? How does the answer depend on the model of trade?In the Ricardos model, labor gains from trade through an increase in its purchasing power. This result does not support labor union demands for limits on imports from less affluent countries. In the Immobile Factors model labor may gain or lose from trade. Purchasing power in terms of one good will rise, but in terms of the other good it will decline. The Heckscher-Ohlin model directly discusses distribution by considering the effects of trade on the owners of factors of production. In the context of this model, unskilled U.S. labor loses from trade since this group represents the relatively scarce factors in this country. The results from the Heckscher-Ohlin model support labor union demands for import limits.Chapter 61. For each of the following examples, explain whether this is a case of external or internal economies of scale:a. Most musical wind instruments in the United States are produced by more than a dozen factories in Elkhart, Indiana.b. All Hondas sold in the United States are either imported or produced in Marysville, Ohio.c.All airframes for Airbus, Europes only producer of large aircraft, are assembled in Toulouse, France.d. Hartford, Connecticut is the insurance capital of the northeastern United States. External economies of scale: Cases a and d. The productions of these two industries concentrate in a few locations and successfully reduce each industrys costs even when the scale of operation of individual firms remains small. External economies need not lead to imperfect competition. The benefits of geographical concentration may include a greater variety of specialized services to support industry operations and larger labor markets or thicker input markets. Internal economies of scale: Cases b and c. Both of them occur at the level of the individual firm. The larger the output of a product by a particular firm, the lower its average costs. This leads to imperfect competition as in petrochemicals, aircraft, and autos.7,Evaluate the relative importance of economies of scale and comparative advantage in causing the following:a. Most of the worlds aluminum is smelted in Norway or Canada.b. Half of the worlds large jet aircraft are assembled in Seattle.c.Most semiconductors are manufactured in either the United States or Japan.d. Most Scotch whiskey comes from Scotland.e.Much of the worlds best wine comes from France. a. The relatively few locations for production suggest external economies of scale in production. If these operations are large, there may also be large internal economies of scale in production.b. Since economies of scale are significant in airplane production, it tends to be done by a small number of (imperfectly competitive) firms at a limited number of locations. One such location is Seattle, where Boeing produces. c. Since external economies of scale are significant in semiconductor production, semiconductor industries tend to be concentrated in certain geographic locations. If, for some historical reason, a semiconductor is established in a specific location, the export of semiconductors by that country is due to economies of scale and not comparative advantage. d. True scotch whiskey can only come from Scotland. The production of scotch whiskey requires a technique known to skilled distillers who are concentrated in the region. Also, soil and climactic conditions are favorable for grains used in local scotch production. This reflects comparative advantage.e. France has a particular blend of climactic conditions and land that is difficult to reproduce elsewhere. This generates a comparative advantage in wine production.CHAPTER71. The marginal product of labor in Home is 10 and in Foreign is 18. Wages are higher in Foreign, so workers migrate there to the point where the marginal product in both Home and Foreign is equated. This occurs when there are 7 workers in each country, and the marginal product of labor in each country is 14. chapter 81.The import demand equation, MD, is found by subtracting the home supply equation from the home demand equation. This results in MD = 80 - 40 x P. Without trade, domestic prices and quantities adjust such that import demand is zero. Thus, the price in the absence of trade is 2.2. a.Foreigns export supply curve, XS, is XS = -40 + 40 x P. In the absence of trade, the price is 1.b. When trade occurs export supply is equal to import demand, XS = MD. Thus, using the equations from problems 1 and 2a, P = 1.50, and the volume of trade is 20. 3. a.The new MD curve is 80 - 40 x (P+t) where t is the specific tariff rate, equal to 0.5. (Note: in solving these problems you should be careful about whether a specific tariff or ad valorem tariff is imposed. With an ad valorem tariff, the MD equation would be expressed as MD=80-40 x(1+t)P). The equation for the export supply curve by the foreign country is unchanged. Solving, we find that the world price is $1.25, and thus the internal price at home is $1.75. The volume of trade has been reduced to 10, and the total demand for wheat at home has fallen to 65 (from the free trade level of 70). The total demand for wheat in Foreign has gone up from 50 to 55. b. and c. The welfare of the home country is best studied using the combined numerical and graphical solutions presented below in Figure 8-1.Home SupplyHome DemandabcdePT=1.7550556070QuantityPricePW=1.50PT*=1.25where the areas in the figure are:a: 55(1.75-1.50) -.5(55-50)(1.75-1.50)=13.125b: .5(55-50)(1.75-1.50)=0.625c: (65-55)(1.75-1.50)=2.50d: .5(70-65)(1.75-1.50)=0.625e: (65-55)(1.50-1.25)=2.50Consumer surplus change: -(a+b+c+d)=-16.875. Producer surplus change: a=13.125. Government revenue change: c+e=5. Efficiency losses b+d are exceeded by terms of trade gain e. Note: in the calculations for the a, b, and d areas a figure of .5 shows up. This is because we are measuring the area of a triangle, which is one-half of the area of the rectangle defined by the product of the horizontal and vertical sides.4. Using the same solution methodology as in problem 3, when the home country is very small relative to the foreign country, its effects on the terms of trade are expected to be much less. The small country is much more likely to be hurt by its imposition of a tariff. Indeed, this intuition is shown in this problem. The free trade equilibrium is now at the price $1.09 and the trade volume is now $36.40. With the imposition of a tariff of 0.5 by Home, the new world price is $1.045, the internal home price is $1.545, home demand is 69.10 units, home supply is 50.90 and the volume of trade is 18.20. When Home is relatively small, the effect of a tariff on world price is smaller than when Home is relatively large. When Foreign and Home were closer in size, a tariff of .5 by home lowered world price by 25 percent, whereas in this case the same tariff lowers world price by about 5 percent. The internal Home price is now closer to the free trade price plus t than when Home was relatively large. In this case, the government revenues from the tariff equal 9.10, the consumer surplus loss is 33.51, and the producer surplus gain is 21.089. The distortionary losses associated with the tariff (areas b+d) sum to 4.14 and the terms of trade gain (e) is 0.819. Clearly, in this small country example the distortionary losses from the tariff swamp the terms of trade gains. The general lesson is the smaller the economy, the larger the losses from a tariff since the terms of trade gains are smaller.9. At a price of $10 per bag of peanuts, Acirema imports 200 bags of peanuts. A quota limiting the import of peanuts to 50 bags has the following effects:a.The price of peanuts rises to $20 per bag.b. The quota rents are ($20 - $10) x 50 = $500.c. The consumption distortion loss is .5 x 100 bags x $10 per bag = $500.d. The production distortion loss is .5 x 50 bags x $10 per bag = $250.Chapter 91. The arguments for free trade in this quote include: Free trade allows consumers and producers to make decisions based upon the marginal cost and benefits associated with a good when costs and prices are undistorted by government policy.The Philippines is small, so it will have little scope for influencing world prices and capturing welfare gains through an improvement of its terms of trade.Escaping the confines of a narrow domestic market allows possible gains through economies of scale in production.Free trade opens new horizons for entrepreneurship.Special interests may dictate trade policy for their own ends rather than for the general welfare. Free trade policies may aid in halting corruption where these special interests exert undue or disproportionate influence on public policy.3. Without tariffs, the country produces 100 units and consumes 300 units, thus importing 200 units.a.A tariff of 5 per unit leads to production of 125 units and consumption of 250 units. The increase in welfare is the increase due to higher production of 25 x 10 minus the losses to consumer and producer surplus of (25 x 5)/2 and (50 x 5)/2, respectively, leading to a net gain of 62.5.b. A production subsidy of 5 leads to a new supply curve of S = 50 + 5 x(P+5). Consumption stays at 300, production rises to 125, and the increase in welfare equals the benefits from greater production minus the production distortion costs, 25 x 10 - (25 x 5)/2 = 187.5.c.The production subsidy is a better targeted policy than the import tariff since it directly affects the decisions which reflect a divergence between social and private costs while leaving other decisions unaffected. The tariff has a double-edged function as both a production subsidy and a consumption tax. d. The best policy is to have producers fully internalize the externality by providing a subsidy of 10 per unit. The new supply curve will then be S = 50 + 5 x(P+10), production will be 150 units, and the welfare gain from this policy will be 50 x 10 - (10 x 50)/2 =250.4.The governments objective is to maximize consumers surplus plus its own revenue plus twice the amount of producers surplus. A tariff of 5 per unit improves producers surplus by 562.5, worsens consumers surplus by 1375, and leads to government revenue of 625. 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