高中英语语法复习名词

语法专题（一）语法专题（一）名名 词词名词要点精讲名词要点精讲 名词是高考的热点和难点。从语法和词汇两个方面来考察名词是高考的热点和难点。从语法和词汇两个方面来考察其用法，在单项选择、完形、改错中都可感知高考中名词其用法，在单项选择、完形、改错中都可感知高考中名词的考查点。的考查点。专有名词专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如名称，如Beijing，China等。等。普通名词普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：名词，如：book，sadness等。等。名词专有名词专有名词(Proper Nouns)普通名词普通名词(Common Nouns)个体名词个体名词(Individual Nouns)集体名词集体名词(Collective Nouns)物质名词物质名词(Material Nouns)抽象名词抽象名词(Abstract Nouns)不可数名词不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)可数名词可数名词(Countable Nouns) 个体名词个体名词和和集体名词集体名词可以用数目来计算，称可以用数目来计算，称为为可数名词可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名不可数名词词（Uncountable Nouns）。）。Proper Nouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Years Day注意：注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写专有名词的第一个字母要大写Common Nouns：一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词1. Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的指作为个体而存在的人或东西人或东西可以指具体的人或物。可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments也可指抽象东西。也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream2. Collective Nouns: 表示若干个个体组成的集合体表示若干个个体组成的集合体Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。 His family _ not large. (be)Cf: His family _ all music lovers. (be)在一些情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。在一些情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.isare有少数集体名词通常用作单数。有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 个别集体名词则多作复数看待。个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg: The police are looking for him. 3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的物质。指无法分为个体的物质。Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：特殊情况：1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份一份”、“一杯一杯”、“一种一种”Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份）两份）Three beers, please. (三杯）三杯） It was a special tea. (一种）一种）2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg: rains （雨季）（雨季）sands （沙滩）（沙滩） snows (积雪）积雪）waters(海域海域)4.Abstract Nouns:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念概念Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。Eg: Hes learning French for fun.I wish you good luck.抽象名词转化为可数名词抽象名词转化为可数名词。Failure is the mother of success. (失败与成功在此为抽象概念）失败与成功在此为抽象概念）As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child.(成功者，失败者，可数成功者，失败者，可数)名词的数名词的数 不可数名词不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。情况情况加法加法例词例词一般情况一般情况以以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的结尾的词词以辅音以辅音y结尾的结尾的词词以辅音以辅音+o 结尾的词结尾的词以以f或或fe结尾的词结尾的词加加-s加加-es去去y加加-ies多数加多数加-es 把把f/fe改成改成vesBrothers;schoolsBuses;watches;dishes*1Ladies;countries;*2Heroes; tomatoes*3Halves; leaves;*4可数名词可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：式有以下几种：Notes:*1:stomachstomachs*2:以元音以元音+y或以专有名词或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s.Eg:boys; toys; Henrys*3: 以元音以元音+oeg: videos; studios以以oo结尾结尾 eg: zoos; bamboos;kangaroos一些外来词一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词特别是音乐方面的词) eg: pianos一些缩写词一些缩写词 eg: kilos; photos; memos一些专有名词一些专有名词 eg: Eskimos; Filipinos直接在词尾加直接在词尾加-s.*4:以以f/fe结尾只加结尾只加-s的词：的词：proofs;gulfs; cliffs; roofs;serfs; beliefs; chiefshandkerchief（手帕，手绢）（手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。的复数形式两者都可以。 单复数相同的情况：单复数相同的情况：sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese;Japanese以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu 只有复数形式的情况：只有复数形式的情况：trousers(裤子裤子); glasses(眼镜眼镜); compasses(圆规圆规) a pair ofthanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle复合名词的复数形式：复合名词的复数形式：1.词末词末+-s : film-goers ; forget-me-nots 2.主体名词变为复数形式：主体名词变为复数形式：lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law3.两个组成部分皆变为复数：两个组成部分皆变为复数：women doctors; men cooks* 这种形式的第一个名词必须是这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或或woman不规则复数：不规则复数：1.manmenEg: woman women; chairman-chairmen2.ooeeEg:foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese3.+enEg:child-children; ox-oxen4.ouseiceEg: mouse-mice; louse-lice（虱子）有些外来词的不规则复数形式：有些外来词的不规则复数形式：Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; crisis-crisescriterion-criteria; phenomenon-phenomena; medium-media有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。glass ( 玻璃玻璃 )copper ( 铜铜 )tin ( 锡锡 )paper ( 纸纸 )iron (铁铁 )wood ( 木头木头 )gold (金子金子 )youth (青春青春 )power ( 力量力量 )beauty ( 美美 )pleasure( 愉快愉快 )relation(关系）关系）a glass ( 玻璃杯玻璃杯 )a copper ( 铜币板铜币板 )a tin ( 罐头罐头 )a paper ( 报纸，证件，论文报纸，证件，论文 )an iron (熨斗熨斗 )a wood ( 树林树林 )a gold (金牌金牌 )a youth (年青人年青人 )a power ( 大国大国 )a beauty ( 美人，美的东西美人，美的东西 )a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事使人感到愉快的事 )a relation(亲戚）亲戚）英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。a poem(一首诗一首诗 )a machine(一台机器一台机器 )a job(一件工作一件工作 )a laugh(一个笑声一个笑声 )a permit(许可证许可证 )a garment (一件衣裳一件衣裳 )a bag(case) (一件行李一件行李 )a loaf (一只面包一只面包 )a hair(一根头发一根头发 )poetry(诗歌总称诗歌总称 )machinery(机器总称机器总称 )work(工作工作 )laughter(笑声笑声 )permission(允许允许 )clothing(衣裳总称衣裳总称 )luggage, baggage(行李行李 )bread(面包面包 )hair( 头发头发)几个名词的特殊用法几个名词的特殊用法 hair_. （他的头发是白的。）（他的头发是白的。）_. （他有几根白的（他有几根白的头发。）头发。）His hair is whiteHe has a few grey hairs fruit The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits. policeThe police _ searching for the murderer.weredozen, scoretwo (many, several) dozen pencilsthree _ them / these pencilsdozens of studentstwo score of studentsscores of peopledozen ofword（消息，通知）（消息，通知）, man（人类），前面（人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。名词的格名词的格 所有格的形式：所有格的形式： 一般的名词所有格在后面加一般的名词所有格在后面加 s，如：，如： Marys book 以以 s 结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加 ，如：如： Teachers Day, the students reading-room 以以 s 结尾的专有名词所有格，如：结尾的专有名词所有格，如： Engelss works 或或Engels works s 结尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的东西的结尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的东西的名词。但有时其它的名词也可以，如：名词。但有时其它的名词也可以，如：todays newspaper, fifteen minutes ride等与等与时间有关的名词。时间有关的名词。 凡不能加凡不能加 s 构成所有格的名词，都可以与构成所有格的名词，都可以与 of 结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时。如：词有较长的定语时。如： Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate? 一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如： This is not my pen, but Marys. 有时某些有时某些 s 结尾的所有格形式可以表示地结尾的所有格形式可以表示地点，如某人的家或店铺、教堂等：点，如某人的家或店铺、教堂等： We can meet at Marys. He went to his sisters for dinner yesterday. I had the dress made at the tailors at the corner of the street. Last week we visited St. Pauls.属格属格形式形式应用场合应用场合举例举例用在表示有生命的名词后用在表示有生命的名词后Tom and Mikes room(两人共有两人共有)Toms and Mikes rooms(两人分两人分别所有别所有)用在时间名词后用在时间名词后three weeks leave, todays papers属格属格用在距离用在距离,长度名词后长度名词后twenty miles journey用在地点名词后用在地点名词后Chinas industry用在天体名词后用在天体名词后the earths surface用在价格名词后用在价格名词后a dollars worthof属格属格用在表无生命事物名词后用在表无生命事物名词后the door of our classroom双重双重属格属格名词前有名词前有a, some, any, few, no, several等词修饰时等词修饰时a friend of my brothers several classmates of his名词所有格名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)some patterns:1. Ill take the risk for friendships sake.2. She was at her wits end.3. Now they could sing at their hearts content.4. We should get the children out of harms way.5. We had best keep them at arms length.6. For goodness sake,stop arguing.7. Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat. (为了友谊）为了友谊）（黔驴技穷）（黔驴技穷）（尽情地）（尽情地）（不受损害）（不受损害）（保持距离（保持距离）（看在上帝的份上）（看在上帝的份上）（很合算）（很合算）名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。补语等。名词作定语时，需注意：名词作定语时，需注意： an enemy soldier several _ a boy student three _ a man teacher three _ a woman doctor three _ _ （一家鞋店）（一家鞋店）名词在句子中的作用名词在句子中的作用enemy soldiersboy studentsmen teacherswomen doctorsa shoe store heart trouble snow mountain hearty welcome snowy table-cloth rain drops stone house rainy season stony heart rose garden rosy face gold ring golden sunshine/times/age/wedding用名词作定语和用形容词作定语的比较：用名词作定语和用形容词作定语的比较：1. _ turn green in spring. (NMET 1986) A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup (NMET 1993)3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes. (上海上海 1993) A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot历年高考试题历年高考试题4. He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. (NMET 1995) A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _. A. energy B. source C. power D. material (上海上海 1996)6. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London. (NMET 1998) A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness7. - Who did you spend last weekend with? - _ . (上海上海 1998) A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers8. My parents always let me have my own _ of living. (上海上海 1998) A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion9. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol (上海上海 1998)10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake. (上海上海 1998)A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers11. If you dont take away all your things from the desk, there wont be enough _ for my stationery. (上海上海 1998) A. area B. place C. room D. surface12. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _ . (上海上海 2000) A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results13. In the botanic garden we can find a(n) _ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers. (上海上海 2001) A. species B. group C. amount D. variety14. - Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree? - No, its out of _ . (上海上海 2001)A. range B. reach C. control D. distance15. The life of London is made up of many different _ . (上海上海 2001) A. elements B. sections C. material D. realities16. For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a warm _ . A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate (上海上海 2002)17. To regain their _ after an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass. (上海上海 2002) A. force B. energy C. power D. health18. I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party and on that _ he was simply brilliant. A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation (上海上海 2002)19. It cant be a(n) _ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night. (上海上海 2002) A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily _ and effect. (上海上海 2002) A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause 21. - Im sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired. - There is no _ for this while you are on duty. (上海上海 2003)A.reason B.excuse C.cause D.explanation22. The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well. Aidea Bsense Cthought Dthinking (2003北京春季北京春季)23. Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the table within _ of little children. (2004湖北湖北) A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance24. The environmentalists and wild goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment. (2004上海上海) A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance25. The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk. (2004上海春季上海春季) A . a four hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours26. I have read the material several times but it doesnt make any _ to me. A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance (2004上海春季上海春季)