小班讲义高一物理第9讲牛顿运动定律的应用2—临界问题

龙 文 教 育精品小班课程辅导讲义讲义编号 2013秋季 辅导科目： 物理 年级： 高一课 题第9讲：牛顿运动定律的应用2临界问题教学目标教学重点、难点教学内容在应用牛顿定律解题时常遇到临界问题，它包括：平衡物体（a=0）的平衡状态即将被打破而还没有被打破的瞬间；动态物体（a0）的状态即将发生突变而还没有变化的瞬间。临界状态也可归纳为加速度即将发生突变的状态。加速度发生突变的本质原因是物体的外力发生了突变，物体处于临界状态，必然隐含着某些力（如弹力、摩擦力等）的突变。抓住这些力突变的条件，是我们解题的关键。一、和绳子拉力相联系的临界情况例1. 小车在水平路面上加速向右运动，一质量为m的小球用一条水平线和一条斜线（与竖直方向成30角）把小球系于车上，求下列情况下，两绳的拉力：（1）加速度；（2）加速度。解析：小车处于平衡态（a=0）对小球受力分析如下图所示。当加速度a由0逐渐增大的过程中，开始阶段，因m在竖直方向的加速度为0，角不变，不变，那么，加速度增大（即合外力增大），OA绳承受的拉力必减小。当时，m存在一个加速度，物体所受的合外力是的水平分力。当时，a增大，（OA绳处于松弛状态），在竖直方向的分量不变，而其水平方向的分量必增加（因合外力增大），角一定增大，设为a。当时，。当，有：（1）（2）解得当，有：。点评：1. 通过受力分析和对运动过程的分析找到本题中弹力发生突变的临界状态是绳子OA拉力恰好为零；2. 弹力是被动力，其大小和方向应由物体的状态和物体所受的其他力来确定。二、和静摩擦力相联系的临界情况例2. 质量为m=1kg的物体，放在=37的斜面上如下图所示，物体与斜面的动摩擦因数，要是物体与斜面体一起沿水平方向向左加速运动，则其加速度多大？解析：当物体恰不向下滑时，受力分析如下图所示，解得当物体恰不向上滑时，受力分析如下图所示， 解得 因此加速度的取值范围为：。点评：本题讨论涉及静摩擦力的临界问题的一般方法是：1. 抓住静摩擦力方向的可能性。2. 最大静摩擦力是物体即将由相对静止变为相对滑动的临界条件。本题有两个临界状态，当物体具有斜向上的运动趋势时及当物体具有斜向下的运动趋势时。三、和滑动摩擦力相联系的临界条件例3. 如下图所示，传送带与地面的倾角为，从A到B的长度16m，传送带以10m/s的速率逆时针方向转动，在传送带上端无初速地放一个质量为的物体，它与传送带之间的动摩擦因数为0.5，求物体从A到B所需的时间是多少？（）解析：，物体的初速为零，开始阶段，物体速度小于传送带的速度，物体相对于传送带斜向上运动，其受到的滑动摩擦力斜向下，下滑力和摩擦力的合力使物体产生加速度，物体做初速度为零的匀加速运动。当物体与传送带速度相等的瞬时，物体与传递带之间的摩擦力为零，但物体在下滑力的作用下仍要加速，物体的速度将大于传送带的速度，物体相对于传送带向斜向下的方向运动，在这一时刻摩擦力方向将发生突变，摩擦力方向由斜向下变为斜向上。物体的下滑力和所受的摩擦力的合力使物体产生了斜向下的加速度，由于下滑力大于摩擦力，物体仍做匀加速运动。因，物体的初速为零。开始阶段，物体相对于传送带斜向上运动，其受到的滑动摩擦力斜向下，下滑力和摩擦力的合力使物体产生加速度，物体做初速度为零的匀加速运动。根据牛顿第二定律 物体的速度与传送带速度相等需要的时间为物体下滑的位移为由于，物体在重力的作用下继续加速，当物体的速度大于传送带的速度时，传送带给物体一斜向上的滑动摩擦力。根据牛顿第二定律，得设后一阶段物体滑至底端所用的时间为，由运动学公式得解得所以，物体由A到B所用时间为。点评：1. 从对运动过程的分析中发现本题临界状态是滑动摩擦力方向的突变。2. 注意和的区别。四、和弹簧弹力相联系的临界条件例4. 如下图所示，两块质量分别为和的物块，用劲度系数为的轻弹簧连在一起，放在水平面上，将物块1下压一段距离后释放，它在做简谐运动，在运动过程中，物块2始终没有离开水平面，且对水平面的最小压力为零，则物块l的最大加速度的大小是多大？物块2对水平面的最大压力是多大？解析：以物块1为研究对象，弹簧对物块1的弹力和物块1的重力的合力是物块1做简谐运动的恢复力。弹簧弹起的初阶段，弹簧处于被压缩状态，向上的弹力大于重力，物块1向上做变加速运动，加速度逐渐减小，其方向竖直向上。当弹力等于重力时，物块1的加速度为零，而速度达到最大（平衡位置）。然后，弹簧处于伸长状态，物块1受到的弹力向下，弹力逐渐增大，加速度逐渐增大，达到最高点时，加速度最大，方向竖直向下。当物块1下落至最低点时，物块1的加速度也达到最大值，但方向竖直向上。以物块2为研究对象，根据题设条件可知，当物快1达到最高点时，物块1受到的向下的弹力最大，此时，物块2受到的向上的弹力也最大，使地面对物块2的支持力为零。当物块1落至最低点时，其加速度与最高点的加速度等值反向，弹簧对物块1的弹力（方向向上）。此时，弹簧对物块2的弹力也最大，方向竖直向下，因此，物块2对地面的压力达到最大值。（1）研究物块1上升的过程。以物块1为研究对象，物块1在最高点处，加速度最大，且方向竖直向下，最大。以物块2为研究对象，最大时，所以物块1的最大加速度为。（2）研究物块1下落的过程。物块1落至最低点处，其受到向上的弹力最大，加速度达到最大值，但方向竖直向上（简谐振动的对称性）。对物块2受力分析，根据牛顿第三定律，物块2对地面的压力的大小为点评：临界问题的处理办法：1. 找临界状态（1）做好受力分析、运动过程分析和状态分析，抓运动过程中的“转折点”。（2）利用假设法讨论，假设某命题成立，推理或判断物体的状态是否会发生突变。2. 分析隐含条件（1）弹力的突变（2）摩擦力的突变。 第 9 次课后作业学生姓名： 例1：如图所示，质量m=1kg的物块放在倾角为的斜面上，斜面体质量M=2kg，斜面与物块间的动摩擦因数，地面光滑，。现对斜面体施加一水平推力F，要使物体m相对斜面静止，力F应为多大？（设物体与斜面间的最大静摩擦力等于滑动摩擦力，）答案：14.34NF33.6N例2：如图所示，有一块木板静止在光滑足够长的水平面上，木板的质量为M=4 kg，长度为L=1 m；木板的右端停放着一个小滑块，小滑块的质量为m =1 kg，其尺寸远远小于木板长度,它与木板间的动摩擦因数为=0.4,已知最大静摩擦力等于滑动摩擦力.求:(1)为使木板能从滑块下抽出来,作用在木板右端的水平恒力F的大小应满足的条件.(2)若其他条件不变,在F=28 N的水平恒力持续作用下,需多长时间能将木板从滑块下抽出.答案 (1)F 20 N (2)1 s例3：（2009重庆模拟）如图所示,把质量m1=4 kg的木块叠放在质量m2=5 kg的木块上.m2放在光滑的水平面上,恰好使m1相对m2开始滑动时作用于木块m1上的水平拉力F1=12 N.那么,至少应用多大的水平拉力F2拉木块m2,才能恰好使m1相对m2开始滑动?答案 15 N例4：如图所示，一根轻弹簧上端固定，下端挂一质量为m0的平盘，盘中有一物体，质量为m，当盘静止时，弹簧的长度比其自然长度伸长了L，今向下拉盘使弹簧再伸长后停止，然后松手放开，设弹簧总处在弹性限度内，则刚松开手时盘对物体的支持力为多少？例5：（2005年全国3）如图所示，在倾角为的光滑斜面上有两个轻质弹簧相连接的物块A、B，它们的质量分别为mA、mB，弹簧的劲度系数为k，C为一固定挡板。系统处于静止状态。现开始用一恒力F沿斜面方向拉物块A使之向上运动，求物块B刚要离开C时物块A的加速度和从开始到此时物块A的位移d。重力加速度为g例6：如图所示，在劲度系数为k的弹簧下端挂有质量为m的物体，开始用托盘托住物体，使弹簧保持原长，然后托盘以a匀加速下降（ag），求经过多长时间托盘与物体脱离？例7：如图所示，弹簧秤秤盘B的质量为1.5kg，弹簧质量不计，劲度系数k=800N/m，物体A的质量为10.5kg，静置在秤盘上。现给A施加一个竖直向上的力F，使A向上做匀加速直线运动。已知力F在前0.2s内位变力，0.2s后为恒力，求A匀加速运动的加速度及力的最大值与最小值。（取g=10）例8：如图所示，小车车厢内壁上挂着一个光滑小球，球的质量为20kg，悬绳与竖直厢壁成角（g取10），则：（1） 当小车以4的加速度水平向左匀加速运动时，绳子对小球的拉力T及小球对车厢壁的压力N各为多大？（2） 要使小球对车厢壁的压力为零，小车向左匀加速运动的加速度至少为多大？Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.第 13 页 共 13 页