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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 7 Research Proposal,What is a research proposal?,When to write a research proposal?,Purpose of a research proposal,How to prepare a research proposal?,Elements of the research proposal,How to write a research proposal?,Common mistakes in a proposal writing,Feasibility Analysis(discussed in another lecture),Budget analysis(discussed in another lecture),Summary,What is a research proposal,A research proposal is a short document(1 to 2 pages)that identifies and outlines the main components of your research.,They are:,1.,The purpose of your research,2.,The intended audience,3.,Your role,4.,An opening statement or hypothesis,5.,Brief description of intended methodology,data,materials,6.,Expected outcomes,(if any),The purpose of the research,(1),There are many reasons for doing a research-based program.Research is,after all,finding out something you dont know.One could write a thesis to review and explain collated,（核对的）,factual data.One could also conduct analytical research to study a particular subject in depth.One could discuss,debate and/or argue a certain topic,or come out with a new hypothesis/theory.On the other hand,one could also try persuading others to believe in what s/he is proposing.,The purpose of the research,(2),You will often find conflicting ideas,biases,and other influences whilst conducting your research.You may even discover things in the course of your research that are contradictory to your personal thoughts,ethics and ideals.These could hinder your research,give rise to doubts,or cause a lack of interest in the work.Quality research demands objectivity,caution in assertion,solid backing from sources/experimental results,and clear rational thinking.You should be prepared for contingencies(,偶然性,),to challenge widely-accepted norms/rules in your quest to seek further knowledge.,The intended audience,You will need to identify the audience for your work.Obviously,if you are doing a scientifically-inclined study into the effects of Neon atoms under intense heat,say,your target audience will not likely be Shakespearean thespians(,演员,).However,your research may also traverse several fields(eg.child psychology research might be of interest not just to psychologists,but also to teachers,doctors and parents).Your target audience determines what style of writing you may use,and/or what theories and experiments to apply.,Your target audience should easily identify with what you are trying to do(whether they agree with it or not).Your research should try and persuade your readers to stand with you on your findings.It should contain adequate information without being unnecessary or boring.The purpose of research is not to rehash(,翻新,)information that is easily available but to come up with something new or worthwhile for your audience to think about.,Your Role,The research is(hopefully)your own.You have to display your knowledge and points of view to be taken seriously.First and foremost,you must be extremely familiar with what you are setting out to do(hence the research proposal).When you quote sources and references,use the information to propel your points of view rather than those of the sources.,Opening Statement,Argument or Hypothesis,This is the Big Bang-the one that begins it all.Similar to debates,you can use one sentence,statement or question as a jump-off point to a complete body of research.This opener,though,should not be too broad.For example,Drinking Too Much Coffee is Bad For Health,is too generalised.What is covered in the term,health,?What is considered,bad,?Is this from a social,psychological or medical point of view?Does this statement apply to all types of coffee(including decaffeinated coffee)?,Methodology,Materials and Data,This section should outline how you plan to go about doing your research.For example,to find out how many people prefer jogging to walking,would you ask people on the street directly,hand out questionnaires,appeal for volunteers over the Internet,or make up your own figures?,(The last option is definitely not recommended!).If you are trying to find out how fast beans germinate under UV light(if at all),how would you go about doing it?What about controlled experiments/samples?,Expected Outcomes,Sometimes,your opener may be a new hypothesis that you are trying to prove.Perhaps you could be working towards a certain expected outcome that you intend to prove.If your research is of this nature,you might wish to include this in your proposal.
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