抗生素课件(英文)-Veterinary-Pharmaceuticals-Potentia

,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Veterinary Pharmaceuticals:Potential Environmental Impact and Treatment Strategies,presented at the,Emerging Pollutants Workshop,hosted by,US EPA Region 5,John L.Cicmanec,DVM,MS,ACLAM,NRMRL,US EPA,Cincinnati,OH,Veterinary Pharmaceuticals:P,1,Acknowledgements,Dr.Craig Adams,Univ.of Missouri-Rolla,Dr.Lars Angenent,Washington Univ.,Dr.Thorsen Christian,University of Bonn,Dr.Thomas Heberer,Technical Univ.Berlin,Dr.Barry Hooberman,FDA,Kenneth Loftin,Univ.of Missouri-Rolla,Dr.David Sedlak,Univ.California,Berkeley,Zhimin Qiang,Univ.of Missouri-Rolla,AcknowledgementsDr.Craig Adam,2,A Beef Cattle CAFO Operation,A Beef Cattle CAFO Operation,3,A Typical Poultry CAFO Operation,A Typical Poultry CAFO Operati,4,Groups of Compounds,Antibiotics,Anthelmintics,Hormones;steroids and bovine ST,Pesticides,Vaccines,X-Ray contrast media,iodine&barium based,Groups of CompoundsAntibiotics,5,Potential Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals,Trenbolone acetate(Revalor,R,Finiplex,R,),Melengestrol acetate,Estradiol benzoate,Ractopamine(Prolean,R,),Testosterone proprionate,Human chorionic gonadotropin,Prostaglandins,Potential Endocrine Disrupting,6,Trenbolone&Melengestrol,Little is known about their fate after excretion by the animal,Trenbolone half-life when stored as liquid manure is,267 days,In farm field studies,Trenbolone,was detected at the end of fertilization period and,Melengestrol,was detected at harvest,Trenbolone&MelengestrolLittl,7,Where Does RactopamineFit In?,adrenergic agonist,;,Partitions energy from fat growth to lean growth;,Increases protein accretion and muscle growth;,Increases muscle fiber diameter,Where Does RactopamineFit In?,8,Impacts of Improved Feed Efficiency,RAC-fed pigs require less feed for equivalent lean gain(12.7%),Fewer natural resources are needed for crop production for the swine industry when utilizing RAC(Carroll,et al.,2001).,RAC-fed pigs take 4 less days to a constant market weight.,Impacts of Improved Feed Effic,9,Swine Units,Gestation building,Growth/Finishing,buildings,Swine Units,10,Hog Heaven,Hog Heaven,11,Estradiol(ppb),Testosterone(ppb),Cattle,19,3.5,n.d.,Swine,152,2.4,21,18,Municipal,31,5.4,29,7.3,Humans and Farm Animal Waste as a Source of Steroid Hormones,Estradiol(ppb)Testosterone(p,12,Categories of Antibiotics,Sulfonamides sulfamethoxazole,etc,Quinolones-Ciprofloxacin,Beta-lactams-penicillins,cephalosporins,Aminoglycosides-streptomycin,gentamycin,Macrolides erythromycin,tylosin,Categories of Antibiotics Sul,13,Injectable Form of 2 Antibiotics,Injectable Form of 2 Antibioti,14,Relative Antibiotic Use for Animals&Humans,Europe,3902 tons used for farm animals;7000 tons used for humans(1998),Europes human population is 390 million people,Cattle 19.8 million,Swine-8.8 million,Sheep-6.4 million,Poultry-1,billion,United,States,15,100 tons used for farm animals;4800 tons used for humans(1997),USA human population is 270 million people,Cattle-97 million,Swine 59 million,Sheep 7.8 million,Poultry,1.8 billion,Relative Antibiotic Use for An,15,Relative Antibiotic Use Humans&Animals(continued),*,In Europe the ratio is,7:4 in favor of humans,Because of relatively low animal populations,In the United States the ratio is,15:5 in favor of,animals,because of larger animal numbers,Note:For all animal populations an adjustment was made for body size,4 pigs=1 cow,100 chickens =1 cow,Relative Antibiotic Use Humans,16,Use of Antibiotics as Growth Promoters in Europe,In 1997,before controls,annual use was,1599 tons,(separate from treatment of microbial diseases),In 1999,after controls were introduced the annual use dropped to,786 tons,Use of Antibiotics as Growth P,17,Animal Antibiotics in the Environment,Presently in Europe,only 4 antibiotics,-monensin,avilamycin,flavomycin,&salinomycin are approved for animal use,Primarily the,macrolides&sulfonamides,persist,in the environment,Tetracyclines,penicillins&fluoroquinolones rapidly degrade,Concentrations found-usual 1-5 ng/L but can range up to 300 ng/L,Animal Antibiotics in the Envi,18,Tylosin as a feed-additive for swine,macrolide antibiotic,Tylan by Eli Lilly&Co,20 g/ton dry feed,mechanism and resistance similar to lincosamide and streptogramin B type,Tylosin as a feed-additive for,19,抗生素课件(英文)-Veterinary-Pharmaceuticals-Potentia,20,Anaerobic degradation of Tylosin,Swine waste:,1.6 mg/liter tylosin+dehydroxi-tylonolide(breakdown product),Digester(effluent):always 26 years,Used as growth promoter at sub-therapeutic levels,Human Drug-Synercid,Streptogramin-Quinupristin/Dalfopristin combination,Approved for therapy in US(1999),Active against Gram-positive bacteria -,“drug of last resort”,Linking Animal&Human UseAnim,34,Danish Study,Danish Study,35,Effect of Antibiotics on Field Crops(Jjemba),Pharmaceuticals such as chlorotetracycline,metronidazole,and sulfamethoxine are,toxic to plants,such as soybeans,poinsettia,and corn at concentrations of 10-160 pp