句子成分和结构(初高中衔接)

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,句子成分和句子分类,预备知识点一：词类概述,一、句子成分,概述：,组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分包括,主语、,谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。,主语,和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须,有主语和谓语）。,（一）句子成分的特点和功能,1.是一个句子所叙述的主体，,一般位于句首,。,2.常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词和主语从句充当。,They,are students.,The sun,rises in the east.,太阳在东方升起。,To see,is to believe.,眼见为实。,1.说明主语的动作、状态和特征，,一般放 在主语的后面,2.常用动词或动词词组充当,We,study,English.,He,is,asleep.,You,may go,now.,1.是动作行为的对象或承受者,放在及物动词或介词之后,2.常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词和数词充当,I like,China.,We study,English.,I play with,him,.,位于,系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后,表示主语的性质、,状态和特征。,They are,students.,He is,asleep,.,他睡着了。,（一）句子成分的特点和功能,修饰限定名词或代词，说明该名词或代词的状态、品质、数量等。,1.用来修饰动词、形容词和副词等的，表示事情发生的时间、地点、原因、结果、程度等等,2.修饰动词时，位置在该动词前后均可；修饰形容词或副词，要放在它们之前,The,little,boy needs a,blue,pen.,(形容词),小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。,Two,boys need two pens.,（数词）,两个男孩需要两支钢笔,His,name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆,。（所有格）,The boy,in the classroom,needs a pen of yours.,（介词短语）,The boy,sitting under the tree,is Tom.,.,（分词短语）,He runs,quickly.,他跑地很快。,She is,very,beautiful.她非常漂亮。,I will go,there tomorrow.,我明天去那儿。,He works,in this factory,.,（二）练习,说出下列划线部分单词或词组在句子,中各充当什么成分,I dont like the picture on the wall.,My brother hasnt done his homework.,It is a great pleasure to talk with you.,He broke a piece of glass.,He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.,主,谓语,宾语,定语,主语,谓语,谓语,谓语,形式主语,主,主,定语,宾语,宾语,状语,定语,真正主,语,表语,宾语,宾语,补足语,谓语,练习：将上四个例句变成,否定,陈述句。,二、句子的分类,（按用途划分）：,陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句,（一）陈述句：用来陈述一件事情，说明一个事实，表述说话,人的看法、和态度的句子。,常用结构：主语+谓语+其它。,句末通常是句号。,Eg.1.Tom can speak good English.汤姆英语说的很好。,2.He is a student.他是一个学生。3.I like football.我喜欢足球。,4.Tom gets up early every day.汤姆每天都起得很早。,1.Tom,can not speak,good English.,2.He,is not,a student.,3.I,dont like,football.,4.Tom,doesnt get up,early every day.,（二）疑问句：用来提出问题。分为以下四类：,1.,句首是be动词、助动词do或have(包括did/does,has/had)或情态动词，,句末是问号。,2.用yes 和no进行回答。,Are you Students?你们是学生吗？,Do you like football?你喜欢足球吗？,Can you speak English?你能说英语吗？,Have you fininshed your work?,你已经完成工作了吗？,1.句首是疑问代词或疑问副词,，句末是问号。直接对疑问代词或疑问副词进行回答,2.常用结构：,疑问词（在句中不充当主语）+一般疑问句；疑问词（在句中充当主语）+谓语+其它+？,What,do you like?你喜欢什么？,Where,is Tom?Tom在哪里？,How,can I help you?我怎样才能帮你？,Who,likes football?谁喜欢足球？,跟在陈述句后，对它所说的事实提出疑问。,用Yes或no进行回答。,He is a student,isnt he?,他是一个学生，不是吗？,He doesnt like football,does he?,他不喜欢足球，是吗？,以or连接提问的两个部分，以供选择。,Is he a student or a worker?,他是学生还是工人？,将这四个一般疑问句变成陈述句：,You are students.,2.You like football.,3.You can speak English.,4.You have finished your work.,陈述句变一般疑问句方法：,1.行为动词和除be动词,以外的系动词，变一般疑问句直接在句首加do或does或did。,2.be动词、助动词和情态动词变一般疑问句，直接将这些词提前。,（三）祈使句：用来表示命令或请求，说话的对象是第二人称you,但常常被省略。常用动词原形开头。否定祈使句在句首加dont,Eg.Sit down,please!请坐下！,Give me a piece of paper!给我一张纸！,Dont waste your time!不要浪费你的时间!,Lets go!我们走吧！,补充考点：祈使句的反义疑问句,1.肯定祈使句，反义疑问部分用will you或wont you,Give me a piece of paper,will you?(或wont you?),2.否定祈使句，反义疑问部分只用will you?,Dont waste your time,will you?,句型,结构,（,eg.,1.,How,beautiful,she,is,!）,eg.,2.,What,a clever boy,he,is,!,eg,.3.,What,clever students,they,are,!,eg,.4,What,bad news,it,is,!,1.,How,+,2.,What,+,形容词/副词,+,主语,+,谓语动词,+其它,名词或名词词组,+,主语,+,谓语动词,+其它,（四）感叹句：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈情感的句子。,常用what或how（表多么）引导，句末用“！”。,可数名词单数、复数名词或不可数名词,感叹句练习：,用what或how 填空,1._ warm it is in winter in Hong Kong!,2._ a wonderful performance we had last night!,3._ clever students they are!,4._ delicious food!,5._ a lovely day we are having today!,6._ bad news it is!,7._ hard,the,students of Class One are working on the farm!,8._ a wonderful time we had last night!,How,What,What,What,What,What,How,What,二、句子的分类（按结构划分）：,简单句、并列句和复合句,（一）简单句：句子里只有一个主谓结构，且各个,成分都只由单词或短语构成。共有5种结构。,（二）并列句：用并列连词把两个或两个以上的 简单句连接起来的句子。并列连词有and,but,or等。,Eg.He is a student and I am a teacher.,He likes football,but I like basketball.,（三）复合句：一个句子里又包含一个或多个句子充当成分的句子。大句子叫主句，充当成分、附属于大句子的句子叫从句。,I believe,that you are right,.我相信你是对的。,2.I dont know,where he lives,.我不知道他住哪里。,3.,What I want,is a book.我所想要的是一本书。,4.The boy,who is sitting under the tree,is Tom,坐在树下的男孩是Tom.,主句宾语，叫做宾语从句,主语宾语，叫做宾语从句,主语主语，叫做主语从句,主语定语，叫做定语从句,GoodBye,1.及物动词：后必须跟宾语,Eg.They,study English,.,She,eats an apple,every day.,We,raise the flag,every Monday.我们每周一升旗。,2.不及物动词：后需加介词才能跟宾语,The flag,rises,.旗升起来了。,Please,stand,up./Please,come,here.,They,listen,to,English,every morning.他们每天早上都听英语。,连系动词后跟表语。,助动词无特殊意义，帮助构成否定句、疑问句、正在进行时态、完成时态或被动语态等,常见助动词有be,do,have,We,dont,like the film.我们不喜欢这部电影。,（用于否定句）,Tom,is,doing his homework.汤姆正在做作业。,（用于正在进行时态）,He,has,finished his work.他已经完成了工作。,（用于完成时态）,情态动词后须跟动词原形。情态动词有will,can,may,must,need等,You,may go,now.你可以走了。I,will be,there on time.我会准时到那儿的。,常见连系动词有：be,become/turn(变得)，look(看起来)，,smell(闻起来),sound（听起来），feel（摸起来），taste（尝起来）等,Eg.She,is beautiful,./She,is a student,.,His face,turn red,.他的脸变红了。,Your coat,looks nice,.你的外套看起来很漂亮。,The music,sounds beautiful,.这音乐听起来很美。,be动词、助动词和情态动词变否定形式在其后直接加not.,行为动词和除be动词,以外的系动词，变否,定形式要在其前加dont 或doesnt。,可单独使用,必须与行为动词或系动词连用构成谓语,行为动词,1.They,study,English.,2.She,eats,an apple every day.,3.The flag,rises,.,4.They,listen to,English every morning.,系动词,5.She,is,beautiful.,6.Your coat,looks,nice.,7.The music,sounds,beautiful.,助动词,8.To