医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter One,An Etymological (,词源,),Study of English Language,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第1页,Indo-European and Germanic Influences,English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, a very broad language family including most of the European languages spoken today.,The word for father vater (in German), pater (in Greek), pedar in (Persian), pater (in Latin), and pitr (in Sanskrit),医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第2页,Indo-European and Germanic Influences,In case of the word “brother”, it is of similar nature. In Greek it is phrater, in Latin frater, in Sanskrit bhratar, in French frere and in German bruder,Of all the different branches in Indo-European family, two are of paramount importance, the Germanic and the Romance. English is in the Germanic group of languages.,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第3页,Old English (450 -1100),The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from northern Germany, Denmark and northern Holland invaded British Isles and began to populate those areas.,Anglo-Saxons,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第4页,Old English (450 -1100),the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is know England Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Ireland, leaving behind a few Celtic words.,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第5页,Old English (450 -1100),The invaders language , Anglo-Saxon, developed into what we know as Old English,water, stone, foot, fire, sheep, and strong derive from Old English roots,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第6页,The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500),William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, subsequently King William I, invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066. They spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman. The Normans were also of Germanic stock and Anglo-Norman was a French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots.,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第7页,The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500),The influence of the Normans:,beef,and,cow,Beef Anglo-Norman,Cow German,The mixture of the two languages: Middle English,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第8页,Early Modern English (1500 -1800),The next wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance. Many classical Latin and Greek words were brought into the Language:,grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy, and,music,William Shakespeare,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第9页,Late Modern English (1800 - Present),The principal distinction between Early Modern English and Late modern English is vocabulary.,Two historical factors:,Industrial Revolution and the British Empire,Neologism :oxygen, protein, nuclear, vaccine,(Latin /Greek roots),医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第10页,Late Modern English (1800 - Present),Horsepower, airplane, typewriter,(English roots),This burst of neologism continues today, visible in the field of electronics and computers:,cyber-, bios, hard-drive,and,microchip,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第11页,Late Modern English (1800 - Present),In addition, the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world but to introduce words into English.,Finally, the 20th century saw two world wars, and the military influence on the language,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第12页,Chapter Two,An Etymological Study of Medical English,Based on their origin, medical terms can be divided into two large categories:,native,and,borrowed,.,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第13页,Words Evolved from Old English,Old English is believed to have essentially developed from dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. Most medical words from old English denote,anatomic structures, organs, substances,and,basic concepts of human activities,.,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第14页,Anatomic Words,ankle,back,bladder,blood,chest,ear,eye,foot,gum,hair,hand,knee,lip,liver,lung,neck,organ,throat,tongue,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第15页,Words Denoting Concepts,ache,blind,breath,bruise,fever,heal,mind,cold,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第16页,Words Originated from Greek,From Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. And medical terminology is one of the areas that have been influenced by Greek.,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第17页,Words Originated from Greek,acme,anorexia,colon,coma,diagnosis,dyspeptic,glaucoma,metastasis,necrosis,pandemic,paralysis,pneumonia,psychology,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第18页,Words Originated from Latin,The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to the Roman Empire. With the expansion, the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire. Greater influence was exerted after the Norman Conquest.,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第19页,Words Originated from Latin,Abscess,acute,aorta,autopsy,bacteria,cell,clinic,cortex,dystrophy,hydrophobia,inflame,medicine,muscle,obstetrics,placebo,panacea,prognosis,tumor,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第20页,Words Borrowed from French,After the Norman Conquest, the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language. A great number of French words, including those used in medical works, took their roots in English. Borrowing from French has continued till present time.,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第21页,Words Borrowed from French,Hospital,faint,jaundice,doctor,benign,disease,mortuary,embolism,anatomy,artery,ambulance,antibiotic,chronic,lymph,malaise,pathology,surgeon,palpitation,prostate,rehabilitation,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第22页,Words Borrowed from German,Aspirin,barbiturate,biology,chemotherapy,chromosome,gene,genome,leukemia,neuron,psychoanalysis,schizophrenia,testosterone,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第23页,Words Borrowed from Italian,Influenza,malaria,quarantine,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第24页,Words Borrowed from Spanish,Mosquito,quinine,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第25页,Words from Direct Coinage,Acupuncture,antacid,医学英语术语学和应用专家讲座,第26页,