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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Intersentential Semantic Relations,1.Entailment,2.Presupposition,3.Implicature,Three kinds,:,Entailment,Definition:,An entailment refers to something that logically follows what is asserted in the utterance.,According to Saeed,such an intersentential semantic relationship can be defined by truth as follows:,A sentence,p,entails a sentence,q,when the truth of the first,p,guarantees the truth of,q,and the falsity of the second,q,guarantees the falsity of,p,.,Example:,Sentence p:I saw a boy.,Sentence q:I saw a child.,Sentence p:,I have been to zhoushan.,Sentence q:I have been to Zhejiang.,Composite Truth Table for Entailment,P q,T,T,F,T or F,F F,T or F T,Two sources of entailment,The regular source:,hyponymy(下义关系)between lexical items.,A:I saw a boy.,b:I saw a child.Child and boy is a kind of hyponymy.,The other source:,syntax.For example,the active and passive versions of the same sentence entails each other:,A:A boy chased a dog.,B:A dog was chased by a boy.,When two sentences mutually entail each other,like A and B,we may also call them paraphrase.,Entailment is different from synonymy and contradiction.,Synonymous intersentential relation:,(a)Mary owns a car.,(b)The car belongs to Mary.,They are merely the different versions of a single proposition.,Contradictory intersentential relation refers to a pair of sentence which are contradictory to each other.,Between sentences:,(a)Mary beats Joan in the game.,(b)Mary lost the game to Joan.,In single sentence:,My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.,presupposition,Definition:,It refers to what is assumed by the speaker and assumed by him or her to be known to the hearer before he or she makes the utterance.,In a broad sense,presupposition can be defined in ordinary language as any kind of background assumption.,According to Saeed,the truth value can be diagrammed in the following figure:,Composite Truth Table for Presupposition,p q,T,T,F,T,T or F ,T,For example:,(p)Marrys dog is barking.(q)Marry has a dog.,Implicature,Definition:,In communicative practice,the speaker may use an utterance to imply further information.He or she may imply what he or she does not literally mean.Such information is called implication,(a)Mr.Jones seldom dines at the restaurant.,(b)Mr.Jones sometimes dines at the restaurant.,Semantic Analysis,Componential Analysis(成分分析),Predication Analysis（述谓分析）,Componential Analysis,Definition:,Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components or semantic features.,It is a way to analyze the word meaning.,A particular characteristic of componential analysis is that the semantic components of a word are generally analyzed in binary opposition.,In the conventional practice,the plus”+”of any word means the feature indicated is present and the minus“-”indicates the absence of the feature.,Man:+noun+concrete+animate+male+adult,Woman:+noun+concrete+animate-male+adult,Rock:+noun+concrete-animate,Idea:+noun-concrete,Predication Analysis,Definition:,Predication analysis is an approach to sentential meaning which breaks down predications of propositions,questions,commands,etc into the two types of constituents:argument(s)and predicate.,Arguments,(中项),refer to logical participants which are always functioned by nominal phrases.,The predicate（谓语）is the relational element,which is usually functioned by lexical verbs or verb phrases or prepositions.,Eg:,The dog,is chasing,a hare,.,Four types of predicate,Two-place predicate:,This refers to a predicate that governs two arguments.,Eg:Have you any friends here?,One-place predicate:,This refers to a predicate that governs only one argument.,Eg:The child can speak now.,(However,in the sentence“we speak English”it is a two-place predicate),No-place predicate:,It governs no argument.,Eg:It is blowing hard.,Three-place predicate:,It governs three arguments.,Eg:He told us an amusing story.,Thank you!,
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