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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,语言对比与翻译,主动与被动,Passive vs.Active,主动与被动,Passives.Active,被动语态在英语里是一种常见的语法现象,在某些文体中,使用被动句几乎成了一种,表达习惯(passive habit)。S.Bakery(1985在,The Practical Stylist书中提到,Our massed.scientific and bureaucratic,society is so addicted to the passive voice that,you must constantly alert yourself against its,drowsy,impersonal pomp,被动句促成了物称倾向,物称倾向也滋长,被动句。英语常用被动句,主要原因如,施事的原因,人们表达思想的时候,通常使用主动句。,主动句的施事(agent)由于以下原因而,不需要或不可能指明时,常采用被动句,施事未知而难以言明,如,The murderer was caught yesterday and it is said,that he will be hanged,凶手已于昨天下午被捕,据说他将会被绞死。,2施事从上下文中可以不言自明,Eg:She told me that her master had dismissed,her.NO reason had been assigned;no objection,had been made to her conduct.She had been,forbidden to appeal to her mistress,她告诉我,她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人,没有将任何理由,对她的行为没有任何异,议,也不许她向女主人申诉,施事不如受事重要,或受事需要强调,Eg:Her only son was run over by a car,她的独子被汽车轧了。,有时为了隐去含糊的人称主语(vague,pronoun subject),也用被动句。,Eg:At the tea party they served only tea and cake,At the tea party only tea and cake were served,茶会上只提供茶和饼,4由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事,如为了,叙事显得圆滑、得体,或为了表达某种微,妙的情绪(tact or delicacy of sentiment),Eg:Some things have been said here tonight not,to have been spoken,今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话,二句法的要求,英语重形合,注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式,不便于表达时,出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动式,为了是句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接,g:Some kinds of plas tics can be forced through,machines which separate them into long,thin strings,called fibres and these fibres can be made into,有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维,这,种纤维可以用来织布。,2为了是句子保持未端重量(end-weight)利,句尾开放(right-branching)以符合主语简,短、谓语复杂的表达习惯。,Eg:I was astounded that he was prepared to give,他准备给我一份工作,这使我大吃一惊,修辞的考虑,英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句,但适,当使用被动句可以是表达方法灵活多变,(add variety to writing),避免句型单调,达到一定的修辞效果,例如使用被动句式,可以减少以填补词t、there引导的句式,使,句子比较干脆,有力,g:There are many ways to vary the basic,English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object,有许多方法可以变换英语“主动宾”基本,句型,The basic English sentence pattern of subject-,verb-object can be varied in many ways,英语“主动宾”基本句型可以用许多方法,加以变换。,
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