(精品)心理学的生理基础

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second Level,Third Level,Fourth Level,Fifth Level,*,*,*,心理学的生理基础,Biological Bases of Psychology,心理学系,专业基础课,27 November 2024,1,Broca,医生,工人脑部受伤,额叶外侧,不能说话，但能理解他人的语言。,Broca,区,27 November 2024,2,Anatomy,解剖学（人体）,27 November 2024,3,Outline of This Lecture,本章概要,The Nervous System and its Basic Units,神经系统的基本构成,The Endocrine System,内分泌系统,The Interaction of Biology and Mental Process,生理和心理的相互作用（举例）,27 November 2024,4,1 Nervous System,27 November 2024,5,人体神经系统,神经系统,中枢神经系统,外周神经系统,大脑,脊髓,躯体神经系统,自主神经系统,交感神经系统,副交感神经系统,27 November 2024,6,1,神经系统,The Central Nervous System(CNS),中枢神经系统,The Peripheral Nervous System(PNS),外周神经系统,Neurons:Basic Units of the NS,神经元：神经系统的基本单位,27 November 2024,7,1.1 The Central NS（CNS）,27 November 2024,8,1.1.1 Evolution of the CNS,细胞、细胞节、神经节索、脑,The Spinal Cord(,脊髓,),The Hindbrain(,后脑,),The Midbrain(,中脑,),The Forebrain(,前脑,),The Cerebral Cortex(,大脑皮层,),27 November 2024,9,1.1.2 The Spinal Cord,Reflex action,Spinal nerves（PNS）,Relay station,27 November 2024,10,1.1.3 The Hindbrain,位于脊髓之上，由延髓、小脑和部分网,状结构组成。,Medulla Oblongata(,延髓,),锥体交叉、桥脑（心跳、循环、呼吸）,Cerebellum(,小脑,),（平滑的运动、平衡）,Reticular Formation(,网状结构,),网状激活系统（非特异性传导）,27 November 2024,11,1.1.4 The Midbrain,包括部分网状结构和其它神经结构,27 November 2024,12,1.1.5 The Forebrain,Hypothalamus,Homeostasis,体内平衡（体温、心率、血糖）,饮食、攻击、性、情绪等,内分泌,Thalamus,（,中继站）,Cerebrum(Subcortical,structure),The limbic system,The basal Ganglia,（,主要与运动有关）,27 November 2024,13,The Limbic System,高级进化产物（,哺乳动物及以上动物才有）,Septal,area,隔区,曾认为是快乐中枢,Amygdala,杏仁核,参与情绪过程（学习和识记情绪事件）,Hippocampus,海马,记忆（不能记忆新的信息）,27 November 2024,14,1.1.6 The Cerebral Cortex,Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex,Functional Localization,Cerebral Lateralization,Primary and Association Areas,27 November 2024,15,Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex,The Frontal Lobes(,额叶,),The Parietal Lobes(,顶叶,),The Occipital Lobes(,枕叶,),The Temporal Lobes(,颞叶,),Hemispheres,大脑半球,Longitudianal,fissure,纵向裂,Corpus,callosum,胼胝体,Central fissure,中央裂,27 November 2024,16,Functional Localization,Broca,area,Wernicke,area,视觉区,听觉区,嗅觉区,Somatosensory,cortex,躯体感觉区,Motor cortex,运动（言语）区,27 November 2024,17,Cerebral Lateralization,Split-Brain Studies,割裂脑的研究,(Sperry),Lateralization,功能的单侧化（单侧优势）,Compensation,27 November 2024,18,One Brain or Two?,R.W.Sperry&M.S.,Gazzaniga,27 November 2024,19,大脑半球功能单侧化,语言,积极情绪,空间,消极情绪,27 November 2024,20,1.2 Peripheral Nervous System（PNS）,The Somatic Nervous System,The Autonomic Nervous System(ANS),27 November 2024,21,The Somatic Nervous System,脑神经（面部肌肉、粘膜、腺体等）,12,对：嗅、视、动眼、滑车、三叉、外展、面、位听、舌咽、迷走（内脏血管和腺体）、舌下,脊神经（颈部以下身体的感觉和运动）,31,对,颈神经,8,对,胸神经,12,对,腰神经,5,对,骶神经,5,对,尾神经,1,对,27 November 2024,22,The Autonomic Nervous System,The sympathetic nervous system,交感神经系统（处理麻烦）,The parasympathetic nervous system,副交感神经系统（打理家政）,27 November 2024,23,1.3 Neurons,Functional Unit of NS,Anatomy of a Neuron,Firing of a Neuron,Transmission of Impulses between Cells,27 November 2024,24,1.3.1 Functional Unit of NS,Neurons,神经细胞，又称神经元，是神经系统基本,功能单位。,三类,Sensory or afferent neurons,感觉神经元,Motor or efferent neurons,运动神经元,Interneurons,联络神经元,产生和传导冲动,27 November 2024,25,1.3.2 Anatomy of a Neuron,Cell body,细胞体,Dendrites,树突,Axon,轴突,Myelin sheath,髓鞘,Node of,Ranvier,朗飞氏节,Terminal buttons,终端小球,27 November 2024,26,1.3.3 Firing of a Neuron,神经传递是电化学过程,“盐水袋”：钠、钾和氯离子,细胞膜内外的交换,27 November 2024,27,神经元放电,Polarization,极化现象（,70mv,）,Depolarization,去极化现象,Hyperpolarization,过极化现象,Resting potential,静息电位,Graded Potentials,渐变电位,Action potential,动作电位,All-or-none,全或无原理,27 November 2024,28,渐变电位的特点,电位强度随离刺激点距离增加而衰减,电位是累积相加的,27 November 2024,29,动作电位的特点,不因距离而衰减,无累积效应,(All-or-none),27 November 2024,30,1.3.4 Transmission of Impulses between Cells,神经细胞之间并无直接的连接,突触结构,(synapse),是神经元连接方式,27 November 2024,31,Anatomy of Synapse,突触前膜,突触间隙,突触后膜,突触囊泡,(synaptic vesicles),神经递质,(neurotransmitter),受体,(receptor),27 November 2024,32,2 The Endocrine System,内分泌系统,内分泌区别于外分泌，是无管腺体，分,泌物为激素，直接进入血液或淋巴系统,人体主要内分泌腺,Pituitary,垂体腺,Thyroid,甲状腺,Adrenals,肾上腺,Gonad(testicle or ovary),性腺,27 November 2024,33,垂体腺,主腺（,Master gland,）,控制其他腺体的功能,分泌多种激素：,生长激素（巨人、侏儒）,性腺激素（精子或卵细胞的成熟）,抗利尿激素、分娩和乳汁分泌,27 November 2024,34,甲状腺,分泌甲状腺素,促进细胞的氧化作用，增进新陈代谢,心境（昏睡、懒散和抑郁）,27 November 2024,35,胰腺,位于胃和十二指肠的肠系膜上,兼有外分泌和内分泌的特征,外分泌：消化酶，进入肠道,内分泌：胰岛素，进入血液,27 November 2024,36,肾上腺,肾脏顶端,肾上腺皮质：分泌葡萄糖皮质素、矿物,质皮质素及雄性激素。维持平衡,肾上腺髓质：分泌肾上腺素，使交感神,经兴奋,27 November 2024,37,性腺,睾丸,卵巢,27 November 2024,38,3 The Interaction of Biology and Mental Process,外伤导致心理障碍,心理活动是否导致脑结构或功能改变？,27 November 2024,39,Rosenzweig,et al(1972),Brain changes in response to experience.,Scientific American,226,22-29.,27 November 2024,40,More experience=Bigger brain?,被试：大鼠,“,Disneyland”Vs.“,贫民窟,slum”,结果：,大脑皮层更重更厚,脑内一种酶更具活性,更多的胶质细胞,神经元更大,皮层与皮层下机构的重量比率,27 November 2024,41,结语,对大脑的研究能走多远？,机能定位手术刀,PDP,电极,神经网络电脑模拟,脑成像,Brain Imaging“,读脑机”,CTComputerized tomography,PETPositron emission tomography,MRIMagnetic resonance imaging,27 November 2024,42,