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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,传,质,质,分,分,离,离,过,过,程,程,第三,章,章,气,气液,传,传质,分,分离,过,过程,主要,内,内容,及,及要,求,求:,掌握,设,设计,变,变量,的,的确,定,定方,法,法;,深入,理,理解,多,多组,分,分精,馏,馏过,程,程,,会,会分,析,析;,掌握,多,多组,分,分精,馏,馏的,简,简捷,计,计算,方,方法,;,;,掌握萃,取,取精馏,和,和共沸,精,精馏的,原,原理和,过,过程分,析,析;,掌握吸,收,收过程,的,的简捷,计,计算方,法,法。,1,第三章,气,气液,传,传质分,离,离过程,3.1,设,设计,变,变量,3.2,多,多组,分,分精馏,3.3,特,特殊,精,精馏,3.4,间,间歇,精,精馏,3.5,吸,吸收,与,与解吸,2,3.1,设,设计,变,变量IndependentDesignVariables,物理量,:,:,流率、,浓,浓度、,温,温度(,物,物流、,系,系统),、,、压力,、,、热负,荷,荷、机,械,械功、,传,传热面,积,积、理,论,论板数,等,等。,设计前,需,需预先,给,给定数,值,值的变,量,量称为设计变,量,量。设计,变,变量的,个,个数称,为,为设计变,量,量数。,例如:,两,两组分,精,精馏,,一,一股进,料,料,只,有,有顶、,釜,釜采出,,,,则很,简,简单,,但,但对于,多,多线采,出,出等复,杂,杂情况,,,,则需,知,知道确,定,定的方,法,法。,设计前需给,定,定数值的变,量,量,3,Totalcondenser,Reflux drum Topstage BottomstageFeed stage,Overhead vapor,4,Feedstream flow rate,A concentrationin feed,Feedconditionin distillation,pressure,A orB concentrationin distillate,A orB recoveryratio inbottoms,Reflux ratio,Number oftheoretical stages (feedstagelocation),Heatduties (total condenser &reboiler),calculation,Knownvariables,Specifiedvariables,已知变量,规定变量,5,设计变量数N,D,: independentdesign variables,变量总数N,V,:allpertinentvariables,约束关系数N,c,: the total numberof independentequations,relating the variables,强度变量:intensivevariables,suchas temperature,pressure,concentration,容度变量:extensivevariables,suchas streamflowrate,heattransfer rate,设备参数:equipmentparameters, such asthe numberof,equilibrium stages,6,确定设计变,量,量数遵循的,一,一般原则:,C,V,D,N,N,N,-,=,设计变量数,系统的,总变量数,变量之间的,约,约束关系数,7,V,N,出入物流,变,变量数能,量,量交换数(,热,热、功),(1)物流,变,变量数,任一物流的,自,自由度,:,2,+,P,-,=,C,f,组分数,相数,对于单相流,股,股:,1,=,P,1,+,=,C,f,完全描述一,个,个流动流股,还,还应加上该,流,流股的流率,。,。,因此对于任,一,一单相流股,独,独立变量数,:,:,2,1,),1,(,+,=,+,+,=,C,C,N,V,(2)能量,交,交换数,系统与环境,间,间能量交换,数,数的确定:,有,有一股热量,交,交换,增加,一,一个变量数,。,。既有一股,热,热量交换,,又,又有一股功,交,交换时,应,增,增加两个变,量,量数。,系统的总变,量,量数,8,C,N,依据约束关,系,系式,(1)物料,衡,衡算式,有C个组分,的,的系统,能,够,够建立C个,物,物料衡算式,。,。,(2)能量,衡,衡算式,(3)相平,衡,衡关系式,(4)化学,反,反应平衡式,(5)内在,关,关系式,每个系统只,有,有1个能量,衡,衡算式。,根据相平衡,条,条件(逸度,相,相等、压力,相,相等、温度,相,相等)能够,建,建立 C(,-,1)+2,个,个相平衡关,系,系式。,对于无化学,反,反应的系统,,,,化学平衡,关,关系式数为0。,约定的关系,,,,如:物料,温,温度、压力,相,相等。,约束关系数,9,3.1.1,单,单元的设,计,计变量,3.1.2,装,装置的设,计,计变量,10,3.1.1,单,单元的设计,变,变量Designvariablesfor elements,一个化工流,程,程由很多装,置,置组成,而,每,每个装置又,可,可以分解为,多,多个进行简,单,单过程的单,元,元。,确定单元的,设,设计变量遵,循,循前述的一,般,般原则即可,:,单元,装置,流程,e,c,e,v,e,D,N,N,N,-,=,11,例1.,绝热分配器,出入物流变,量,量数:,L,L,1,L,2,(C+2),3,能量交换数,:,:,0,+),Nv,= 3C+6,物料衡算式,:,:,能量衡算式,:,:,相平衡关,系,系式:,化学反应,平,平衡式:,内在关系,式,式:,C,1,0,0,L,1,和L,2,的T、P,、,、组分浓,度,度相等,2C-1,Nc,= 2C+2,N,D,e,=,N,v,e,N,c,e,= C+4,V,N,e,C,N,e,12,设,计,计,变,变,量,量,N,D,可,进,进,一,一,步,步,分,分,为,为,:,:,固,定,定,设,设,计,计,变,变,量,量,N,x,可,调,调,设,设,计,计,变,变,量,量,N,a,N,x,=,进,进,料,料,物,物,流,流,变,变,量,量,数,数,系,系,统,统,的,的,压,压,力,力,固,定,定,设,设,计,计,变,变,量,量,N,x,=,进,进,料,料,压,压,力,力,(,(C+2,),)+1,L,L,1,L,2,分配器,可,调,调,设,设,计,计,变,变,量,量,N,a,=,N,D,-,N,x,=(C+4)-(C+3)=1,分,配,配,比,比,N,D,-,N,x,13,例2.,产,产,物,物,为,为,两,两,相,相,的,的,全,全,凝,凝,器,器,出,入,入,物,物,流,流,变,变,量,量,数,数,:,:,(C+2,),),3,能,量,量,交,交,换,换,数,数,:,:,1,+),Nv,=3C+7,物,料,料,衡,衡,算,算,式,式,:,:,能,量,量,衡,衡,算,算,式,式,:,:,相,平,平,衡,衡,关,关,系,系,式,式,:,:,化,学,学,反,反,应,应,平,平,衡,衡,式,式,:,:,内,在,在,关,关,系,系,式,式,:,:,C,1,C(,-1)+2=C+2,0,0,Nc,=2C+3,N,D,e,=,N,v,e,N,c,e,=C+4,V,L,1,L,2,Q,V,N,e,C,N,e,14,固,定,定,设,设,计,计,变,变,量,量,N,x,=,进,进,料,料,压,压,力,力,(,(C+2,),)+1,可,调,调,设,设,计,计,变,变,量,量,N,a,=,N,D,-,N,x,=(C+4)-(C+3)=1,V,L,1,L,2,Q,产物为两相的全凝器,如,单,单,元,元,温,温,度,度,或,或,引,引,入,入,的,的,冷,冷,量,量,15,例3.,绝,绝,热,热,操,操,作,作,的,的,简,简,单,单,平,平,衡,衡,级,级,出,入,入,物,物,流,流,变,变,量,量,数,数,:,:,(C+2,),),4,能,量,量,交,交,换,换,数,数,:,:,0,+),Nv,=4C+8,物,料,料,衡,衡,算,算,式,式,:,:,能,量,量,衡,衡,算,算,式,式,:,:,相,平,平,衡,衡,关,关,系,系,式,式,:,:,化学反,应,应平衡,式,式:,内在关,系,系式:,C,1,C(,-1)+2=C+2,0,0,Nc,= 2C+3,N,D,e,=,N,v,e,N,c,e,= 2C+5,V,N,e,C,N,e,V,0,V,1,L,1,L,0,+),16,固定设,计,计变量,N,x,= 进,料,料压,力,力2,(,(C+2)+12C5,可调设,计,计变量,N,a,=,N,D,-,N,x,=(2C+5)-(2C+5)=0,V,0,V,1,L,1,L,0,绝热操作的简单平衡级,17,例4.,有侧线,采,采出的,平,平衡级,出入物,流,流变量,数,数:,(C+2),5,能量交,换,换数:,0,+),Nv,= 5C+10,物料衡,算,算式:,能量衡,算,算式:,相平衡,关,关系式,:,:,化学反,应,应平衡,式,式:,内在关,系,系式:,C,1,C(,-1)+2=C+2,0,C+1,Nc,= 3C+4,N,D,e,=,N,v,e,N,c,e,=2C+6,V,N,e,C,N,e,+),V,0,V,1,L,1,L,0,S,18,固定,设,设计,变,变量,N,x,=,进,进料,压,力,力2(C+2)+1,2C5,可调,设,设计,变,变量,N,a,=,N,i,-,N,x,=(2C+6)-(2C+5)=1,V,0,V,1,L,1,L,0,S,有侧线采出的平衡级,侧采,量,量,19,思考,题,题1,:,:混,和,和器,的,的设,计,计变,量,量数,F,3,F,1,F,2,思考,题,题2,:,:再,沸,沸器,的,的设,计,计变,量,量数,L,V,L,Q,掌握p58-59,表,表3-1,20,3.1.2,设,设备,的设,计,计变,量,量,Designvariablesforunits,u,a,u,x,u,D,N,N,N,+,=,=,u,x,N,进料,物,物流,变,变量,数,数+,压,压力,等,等级,数,数,=,u,a,N,分配,器,器数+侧,线,线采,出,出+,传,传热,单,单元+串,级,级数,21,例1.,简单,精,精馏,塔,塔(,塔,塔内,无,无压,降,降),进料,变,变量,数,数,:,C+2,压力,等,等级,数,数,:,1,+),C+3,分配,器,器数,:,侧线,采,采出,:,传热,单,单元,:,串级,数,数,:,0,0,1,2,3,x,N,u,a,N,u,+),F,Q,22,例2.,有侧,采,采的,精,精馏,塔,塔,进料,变,变量,数,数:,C+2,压力,等,等级,数,数:,1,+),C+3,分配,器,器数,:,:,侧线,采,采出,:,:,传热,单,单元,:,:,串级,数,数:,1,1,2,3,7,x,N,u,a,N,u,+),F,Q,W,Q,C,全凝器,塔内无压降,23,思考,题,题:,计,计算,以,以下,装,装置,的,的设,计,计变,量,量,F,1,Q,W,Q,C,全凝器,塔内无压降,F,2,24,3.1.3 流程,的设计变,量,量,Design variablesforprocesses,a,x,D,N,N,N,+,=,=,x,N,进料物流,变,变量数+,压,压力等级,数,数,=,a,N,分配器数+侧线采,出,出+传热,单,单元+串,级,级数,25,例1.,吸,吸收-解,吸,吸流程,进料变量,数,数:,C+2,+,3,压力等级,数,数:,2,+),C+7,分配器数,:,:,侧线采出,:,:,传热单元,:,:,串级数:,0,0,3,2,5,x,N,a,N,u,+),蒸汽,26,(C+12)个设,计,计变量的,选,选择,情况1:,(1)吸,收,收塔和解,吸,吸塔的操,作,作压力;2,(2)气,体,体原料的,流,流率、组,成,成、进料,温,温度和压,力,力;C+2,(3)水,蒸,蒸气的流,率,率、进料,温,温度和压,力,力;3,(4)吸,收,收塔和解,吸,吸塔的塔,板,板数;2,(5)三,个,个换热器,各,各自的一,个,个出口温,度,度。3,27,情况2:,(1)固,定,定设计变,量,量的规定,与,与“情况1”的,相同,;,;C+7,(2)吸,收,收塔出口,气,气中CO,2,的摩尔分,数,数;1,(3)解,吸,吸塔出口,气,气中CO,2,的摩尔分,数,数;1,(4)三,个,个换热器,的,的换热面,积,积。3,自学p66例3-2双塔共,沸,沸精馏流,程,程,28,例2.,双,双塔共沸,精,精馏流程,进料变量,数,数:,4,+,3,压力等级,数,数:,1,+),8,分配器数,:,:,侧线采出,:,:,传热单元,:,:,串级数:,0,0,2,3,5,x,N,a,N,u,+),蒸汽,原料,29,5个可调,设,设计变量,的,的选择,情况(1,),):,三个串级,各,各自的级,数,数3;,再沸器的,蒸,蒸发速率1;,冷凝器的,过,过冷温度1。,情况(2,),):,异丙醇塔,釜,釜液中异,丙,丙醇的摩,尔,尔分数1;,水塔釜液,中,中异丙醇,的,的摩尔分,数,数1;,异丙醇塔,的,的最适进,料,料位置1;,再沸器的,蒸,蒸发速率1;,冷凝器的,过,过冷温度1。,30,设计变量,数,数的确定,C,V,D,N,N,N,-,=,V,N,出入物流,变,变量数,C,N,物料衡算,式,式,能量衡算,式,式,相平衡关,系,系式,化学反应,平,平衡式,内在关系,式,式,能量交换,数,数(热、,功,功),x,N,进料物流,变,变量数,压力等级,数,数,x,N,分配器数,换热单元,数,数,侧线采出,数,数,串级数,31,混合器,出入物流,变,变量数:,(C+2,),),3,能量交换,数,数:,0,+),3C+6,物料衡,算,算式:,能量衡,算,算式:,相平衡,关,关系式,:,:,化学反,应,应平衡,式,式:,内在关,系,系式:,C,1,0,0,0,C+1,N,D,e,=,N,v,e,N,c,e,= 2C+5,V,N,e,C,N,e,+),F,3,F,1,F,2,N,x,= 进,料,料压,力,力,=2(C+2)+1,2C,5,N,a,=,N,D,-,N,x,=(2C+5)-(2C+5)=0,32,再沸器,出入物,流,流变量,数,数:,(C+2),3,能量交,换,换数:,1,+),3C+7,物料衡,算,算式:,能量衡,算,算式:,相平衡,关,关系式,:,:,化学反,应,应平衡,式,式:,内在关,系,系式:,C,1,C+2,0,0,2C+3,N,D,e,=,N,v,e,N,c,e,= C+4,V,N,e,C,N,e,+),N,x,= 进,料,料压,力,力,=(C+2)+1C+3,N,a,=,N,D,-,N,x,=(C+4)-(C+3)=1,L,V,L,Q,33,精馏塔(塔,内,内无压降),进料变量数,:,2(C+2),压力等级数,:,1,+),2C+5,分配器数,:,侧线采出,:,传热单元,:,串级数,:,1,1,2,4,8,x,N,u,a,N,u,+),F,1,Q,W,Q,C,全凝器,塔内无压降,F,2,34,3.2 多,组,组分精馏MulticomponentDistillation,3.2.1,多,多组分精,馏,馏,过程分析(Process Analysis),3.2.2,最,最小回流,比,比 (M,inimum Reflux Ratio),3.2.3,最,最少理论,塔,塔板数和组,分,分,分配 (Minimum Number of Equilibrium StagesandComponentDistribution),3.2.4,实,实际回流,比,比和理论板,数,数,(Actual RefluxRatioandActual Number of Equilibrium Stagesor TheoreticalStages),3.2.5,多,多组分精,馏,馏的简捷,计算方法(Approximate Methodfor Multicomponent and Multistage Distillation),35,Rectifying section,精馏段,Stripping section,提馏段,Countercurrent,逆流,泡沫,36,3.2.1,多,多组分精,馏,馏过程分析,Process Analysis forMulticomponentDistillation,一、关键组,分,分(KeyComponents),二、多组分,精,精馏特性,分析精馏塔,内,内的温度、,流,流率和浓度,分,分布。,37,一、关键组,分,分(KeyComponents),F,N,a,=串级数(2)分配器(1),侧线采出(0)传热单,元,元(2),=5,已被指定的,可,可调变量:,(1)进料,位,位置,feedstagelocation,;,(2)回流,比,比,reflux ratio,;,(3)全凝,器,器饱和液体,回,回流或冷凝,器,器的传热面,积,积或馏出液,温,温度。,heattransfer area of thecondenseror condensatetemperature( i.e., saturated liquid),余下,的,的2,个,个可,调,调设,计,计变,量,量一,般,般用,来,来指,定,定某,个,个组,分,分在,馏,馏出,液,液和,另,另一,个,个组,分,分在,釜,釜液,中,中的,浓,浓度,。,。,(不,论,论有,多,多少,个,个组,分,分),38,轻关,键,键组,分,分(Lightkeycomponent,LK),highrelativevolatility,重关,键,键组,分,分(Heavykeycomponent,HK),lowrelativevolatility,轻非,关,关键,组,组分,(,(,lightnonkeycomponent,LNK),轻,轻组,分,分,轻关,键,键组,分,分(LK,),),中间,组,组分(intermediatecomponent,relativevolatilitybetweenthetwokeycomponents),重,关,关,键,键,组,组,分,分,(,(HK,),),重,非,非,关,关,键,键,组,组,分,分,(,(,heavynonkeycomponent,HNK,),),重,重,组,组,分,分,Concentrationofonecomponentindistillate;,Andconcentrationofanothercomponentinbottom,两,个,个,关,关,键,键,组,组,分,分Twokeycomponents,Relative volatility,low,high,39,分,配,配,组,组,分,分(distributingcomponent)simultaneouslyappearinbottomsanddistilate非,分,分,配,配,组,组,分,分(nondistributioncomponent)heavycomponentonlyappearinbottomslightcomponentonlyappearindistilate,清,晰,晰,分,分,割,割(sharpsplitorsharpseparation),:,:,馏出液,中,中除了,重,重关键,组,组分外,,,,没有,其,其它重,组,组分;,釜液中,除,除了轻,关,关键组,分,分外,,没,没有其,它,它轻组,分,分。,根据组,分,分是否,在,在精馏,塔,塔的两,端,端都出,现,现,可,分,分为分配组,分,分和非分配,组,组分。,40,两个关,键,键组分,的,的相对,挥,挥发度,相,相邻且,分,分离要,求,求苛刻,,,,或非,关,关键组,分,分的相,对,对挥发,度,度与关,键,键组分,相,相差较,大,大时,,可,可达到,清,清晰分,割,割。,问题:,什,什么情,况,况下可,达,达到清,晰,晰分割,?,?,41,二、多,组,组分精,馏,馏特性,计算方,法,法上:,对于二,元,元精馏,,,,设计,变,变量被,确,确定后,,,,可从,任,任一端,出,出发,,作,作逐板,计,计算,,无,无需试,差,差。,对于多,元,元精馏,,,,由于,不,不能指,定,定全部,组,组成,,所,所以需,先,先假设,一,一端的,组,组成,,再,再通过,反,反复试,差,差求解,。,。,二元精,馏,馏 vs 多,元,元精馏,在塔内,流,流率,,温,温度和,浓,浓度分,布,布上也,有,有不同,。,。,42,二元精,馏,馏实例,:,:苯,甲,甲苯,benzene-toluene,二组分精馏流率、温度、浓度分布,除进料,板,板处液,体,体流率,有,有突变,外,外,各,段,段的摩,尔,尔流率,基,基本上,为,为常数.,43,三组分,精,精馏实,例,例:苯(LK)甲,苯,苯(HK),异,异丙苯,benzene(LK)-toluene(HK)-isopropylbenzene,图3-5 三,元,元精馏,流,流量分,布,布,图3-6 三,元,元精馏,温,温度分,布,布,液气比L/V,接,接近常,数,数,44,四元精,馏,馏实例,:,:苯,甲,甲苯(LK),二甲,苯,苯(HK)-,异,异丙苯,benzene-toluene(LK)-xylene(HK)-isopropyl benzene,图3-7 四,元,元精馏,液,液相组,成,成分布,Z,1,=0.125,Z,2,=0.225,Z,3,=0.375,Z,4,=0.275,12,=2.25,22,=1.00,32,=0.33,42,=0.21,45,Summary多,元,元精馏,与,与二元,精,精馏在,浓,浓度分,布,布上的,区,区别,(1),关键组,分,分含量,存,存在极,大,大值;,(2),非,非关键,组,组分通,常,常是非,分,分配的,,,,,即,即重组,分,分通常,仅,仅出现,在,在釜液,中,中,,轻,轻组,分,分仅出,现,现在馏,出,出液中,;,;,(3),重,重、轻,非,非关键,组,组分分,别,别在进,料,料板下,、,、上,形,形成,几,几乎恒,浓,浓的区,域,域;,(4),全,全部组,分,分均存,在,在于进,料,料板上,,,,但进,料,料板,含量不,等,等于进,料,料含量,。,。各组,分,分的浓,度,度分布,曲线在,进,进料板,处,处不连,续,续。,46,精馏塔,内,内温度,分,分布和,流,流量分,布,布的规,律,律:,在精馏,塔,塔中,,温,温度分,布,布主要,反,反映物,流,流的组,成,成,而,总,总的级,间,间流量,分,分布则,主,主要反,映,映了热,衡,衡算的,限,限制。,精馏过,程,程的内,在,在规律,,,,严格,计,计算的,基,基础。,47,小结:,一,一、,沿,沿塔高,方,方向的,温,温度分,布,布,在精馏,塔,塔中,,温,温度分,布,布主要,反,反映物,流,流的组,成,成。,沿塔高,方,方向自,下,下而上,温,温度递,减,减,48,级间流,率,率分布,与,与热量,衡,衡算密,切,切相关,。,。,影响因,素,素较多,,,,总效,应,应很复,杂,杂,难,以,以归纳,出,出一个,通,通用的,规,规律。,假设塔,内,内恒摩,尔,尔流近,似,似成立,。,。,小结:,二,二、,沿,沿塔高,方,方向的,汽,汽液流,率,率分布,49,对于两,组,组分精,馏,馏,指,定,定馏出,液,液中一,个,个组分,的,的浓度,,,,就确,定,定了馏,出,出液的,全,全部组,成,成;指,定,定釜液,中,中一个,组,组分的,浓,浓度,,也,也就确,定,定了釜,液,液的全,部,部组成,。,。,对于多组,分,分精馏,,遇,遇到的关,键,键问题是,塔,塔顶和塔,底,底产品的,组,组成和量,无,无法全部,预,预先确定,。,。,小结:,三,三、沿塔,高,高方向的,浓,浓度分布,50,3.2.2 最小,回,回流比(R,m,),最小回流,比,比:,在无穷多,塔,塔板数的,条,条件下达,到,到关键组,分,分预期分,离,离所需要,的,的回流比,。,。,51,3.2.2 最小,回,回流比(R,m,),二元精馏,:,:最小回,流,流比下,,进,进料板上,下,下出现恒,浓,浓区(,1个,)(constant-composition zone),或,或称夹点(pinch point)。,Fora typical idealor near-ideal system, pinchpoint atthefeed stage.,Fora highlynon-ideal system, pinchpoint may occurata stageabove orbelow the feedstage.,52,3.2.2 最小,回,回流比(R,m,),多组分精,馏,馏:,最小回流,比,比下,也,有,有恒浓区,,,,但由于,非,非关键组,分,分的存在,,,,恒浓区,出,出现的部,位,位要较二,组,组分精馏,复,复杂。,二组分精,馏,馏:,最小回流,比,比下,进,料,料板上下,出,出现恒浓,区,区或称夹,点,点。,恒浓区,53,多组分精,馏,馏中的恒,浓,浓区,(1)轻,、,、重组分,均,均为非分,配,配组分:,重组分恒浓区,轻组分恒浓区,进料板以,上,上必须紧,接,接着有若,干,干塔板使,重,重组分的,浓,浓度降到,零,零,这一,段,段不可能,是,是恒浓区,,,,恒浓区,向,向上推移,而,而出现在,精,精馏塔段,的,的中部。,同,同理,轻,组,组分恒浓,区,区出现在,提,提馏段中,部,部。,54,(2),重组分为,非,非分配组,分,分,轻组,分,分为分配,组,组分:,重组分恒浓区,轻组分恒浓区,(3),重组分为,分,分配组分,,,,轻组分,为,为非分配,组,组分:,重组分恒浓区,轻组分恒浓区,55,(4)轻,、,、,重组分均,为,为分配组,分,分:,重组分恒浓区,轻组分恒浓区,56,多组分精,馏,馏中的夹,点,点位置,Locationofpinch-pointzones,(1)轻,、,、重组分,均,均为非分,配,配组分,重组分恒浓区,轻组分恒浓区,重组分恒浓区,轻组分恒浓区,重组分恒浓区,轻组分恒浓区,重组分恒浓区,轻组分恒浓区,(4)轻,、,、重组分,均,均为分配,组,组分(all components distributed),(2)重,组,组分为非,分,分配组分,,,,轻组分,为,为分配组,分,分,(3)重,组,组分为分,配,配组分,轻,轻组分,非,非为分配,组,组分,有两个“,夹,夹点”,少见,57,最小回流,比,比条件下,会,会出现恒,浓,浓区,区,内,内无分离,效,效果,需,无,无穷多理,论,论板(infinitestages)。,如何计算,最,最小回流,比,比?,58,Underwood(恩德,伍,伍德)equationforR,m,假设:,1、各组,分,分相对挥,发,发度是常,数,数,relativevolatilityis constant,2、塔内,汽,汽液相流,率,率为恒摩,尔,尔流,molar overflow are constant,59,i,组分,i,的相对挥,发,发度;,(,x,iD,),m,最小回流,比,比下馏出,液,液中组分,i,的摩尔分,数,数;,x,iF,进料中组,分,分,i,的摩尔分,数,数;,q,进料热状,态,态参数(,进,进料液相,分,分率);,方程的根,。,。,以全回流下,的,的,x,iD,代替,取,LK,HK,的根,60,3.2.3,最少理论板,数,数(N,m,)和组分分,配,配,Minimum theoreticalstages (N,m,)anddistribution ofcomponents,1,、开车时,,先,先全回流,,待,待操作稳定,后,后出料。,Number ofminimum theoreticalstages corresponds to total reflux.At totalreflux, there are nofurther inputof feed and withdrawal ofdistillate andbottoms,全回流对应,最,最少理论板,数,数,但全回,流,流下无产品,采,采出,因此,正,正常生产中,不,不会采用全,回,回流。,什么时候采,用,用全回流呢,?,?,2,、在实验室,设,设备中,研,究,究传质影响,因,因素。,3,、工程设计,中,中,必须知,道,道最少板数,。,。,61,如何计算最,少,少理论板数,?,?,62,Fenske(芬斯克,),)equationfor minimum equilibrium stages(review),前提: 1,、,、塔顶采用,全,全凝器,(若采用分,凝,凝器,则分,凝,凝器为第1,块,块板),2、所有板,都,都是理论板,从塔顶向下,排,排序,由相,对,对挥发度的,定,定义有:,Material balance forstage 2:,At total reflux,,D,=0,63,两式相除,,可,可得:,代入:,可得:,and,For passing streams:,64,Fromphaseequilibrium:,Frommaterial balance:,Combiningtheseeq.s,:,:,Similarly:,65,Defining ,AB,:,relative volatilityby ageometricmeanof each stagevalues,For multicomponent distillation:,Fenskeequation,Fenske equationis extremely useful,66,几点说明Supplements toFenske eq.,:,1. 推导,中,中未作任何,假,假设,因而,是,是严格的。,Fenske eq.is rigorous, because there are noassumptions inthe derivation.,67,几点说明Supplements toFenske eq.,:,2. About,AB,(1)方程,的,的精度取决,于,于相对挥发,度,度数据的可,靠,靠性。,(2),AB,的近似处理,:,:,1),geometricmeanof top-stage and bottom-stagevalues,3),2),geometricmeanof top-stage, feed-stageand bottom-stage,两点平均,三点平均,单点值,68,3. Anotherformof Fenskeequation,A more convenient form ofFenske equation isobtained by replacing theproduct of themolar-fractionratios bytheequivalentproduct of mole-distributionratioin the form ofcomponentdistillate andbottoms flow rates.,摩尔分率用,摩,摩尔数、体,积,积或重量比,来,来代替。,d/b,: distributionratio,分,分配比;,d: component flow rate (molar)in distillate;,b: component flow rate (molar)in bottoms,几点说明Supplements toFenske eq.,:,69,4. Fenske方,程,程既可用于,二,二组分精馏,,,,也可用于,多,多组分精馏,。,。Fenske eq. canbe used for calculatingdistillation ofeither binaryor multicomponent mixtures.,几点说明Supplements toFenske eq.,:,70,5. N,m,只与分离要,求,求有关,而,与,与进料组成,无,无关。,The minimum number of equilibrium stagesdepends on thedegree ofseparation ofthe two key components and their relative volatility, but isindependent offeed-phase condition.,几点说明Supplements toFenske eq.,:,71,6.,Fenske方程可以,用,用来计算进,料,料板位置、,各,各段理论板,数,数和组分分,配,配。,Fenske equationcanbe used for calculating feed-stagelocation,number ofequilibrium stages of r,ectifyingsection and stripping section,andcomponentdistributions.,几点说明Supplements toFenske eq.,:,feed-stagelocation:by replacing feed asthecolumn top(orbottom),把进料当作,塔,塔顶(或塔,釜,釜),72,7. 分离,要,要求的给出,形,形式:,(1)规定,关,关键组分在,塔,塔顶和塔釜,的,的摩尔分数,。,。,(2)规定,关,关键组分在,塔,塔顶和塔釜,的,的流出量。,(3-7),几点说明Supplements toFenske eq.,:,(3-4),73,7.,分,分,离,离,要,要,求,求,的,的,给,给,出,出,形,形,式,式,:,:,(3,),),规,规,定,定,关,关,键,键,组,组,分,分,在,在,塔,塔,顶,顶,和,和,塔,塔,釜,釜,的,的,回,回,收,收,率,率,。,。,(3-11),几,点,点,说,说,明,明SupplementstoFenskeeq.,:,74,p73,例,例,3-3,和,和,例,例,3-4,对,于,于,无,无,中,中,间,间,组,组,分,分,的,的,体,体,系,系,:,:,如A(LNK),、,B(LK),、,C(HK),、,D(HNK),组,组,成,成,的,的,体,系,系,,,,,先,假,假,定,定,清,清,晰,晰,分,分,割,割,,,,,计,计,算,算,理,理,论,论,板,板,数,数,,,,,再,再,校,校,验,验,是,是,否,否,符,符,合,合,清,清,晰,晰,分,分,割,割,的,的,假,假,设,设,。,。,清,晰,晰,分,分,割,割,假,假,定,定,比,比,较,较,适,适,用,用,的,的,情,情,况,况,:,:,轻,重,重,关,关,键,键,组,组,分,分,的,的,分,分,离,离,程,程,度,度,较,较,高,高,,,,,轻,轻,组,组,分,分,的,的,挥,挥,发,发,度,度,比,比,LK,的,挥,挥,发,发,度,度,大,大,得,得,多,多,,,,,而,而,重,重,组,组,分,分,的,的,挥,挥,发,发,度,度,比,比,HK,的,挥,挥,发,发,度,度,小,小,得,得,多,多,。,。,Notes,:,:,对,于,于,有,有,中,中,间,间,组,组,分,分,的,的,体,体,系,系,:,:,如A(LNK),、,B(LK),、C(,中,中,间,间,组,组,分,分),、,、D(HK),、,、E(HNK),组,成,成,的,的,体,系,系,,,,,则,则,根,根,据,据,C,的相对,挥,挥发度,是,是靠近,B,还是靠,近,近,D,来假定,C,在塔顶,和,和塔釜,的,的分配,。,。,75,3.2.4,实,实际回,流,流比和,理,理论板,数,数Actual refluxratioandtheoreticalstages,一、实,际,际回流,比,比,塔顶液,相,相回流,是,是保证,精,精馏塔,连,连续稳,定,定操作,的,的必要,条,条件。,回流比,是,是影响,精,精馏塔,设,设备投,资,资和操,作,作费用,的,的重要,因,因素。,回流比,是,是精馏,过,过程设,计,计计算,的,的重要,参,参数。,76,一、实,际,际回流,比,比,R,op,= 1.051.1,R,m,众多研,究,究发现,:,:,当,R,R,op,,,总费用,随,随,R,的减小,而,而急剧,增,增加,当,R,R,op,,,总费用,随,随,R,的增大,而,而增加,故通常,取,取,R,= 1.2 1.5,R,m,一般取,R,= 1.3,R,m,Underwood eq.,操作费,设备费,总费用,77,不同回,流,流比下,组,组分分,配,配比与,相,相对挥,发,发度的,关,关系,(相对,挥,挥发度,与,与组成,关,关系不,大,大,且,不,不同组,分,分塔板,效,效率相,同,同),1全,回,回流;,2高,回,回流比(5,R,m);,3低,回,回流比(1.1,R,m);,4最,小,小回流,比,比,78,Theempirical methodforcalculatingofactual theoretical stage(求,实,实际理,论,论板数,常,常用的,经,经验方,法,法):,Gillilandcorrelationand Erbar-Maddoxcorrelation,Forthe systemswithslightchange in relative volatility,适,适用于,相,相对挥,发,发度变,化,化不大,的,的情况,Forhighnonidealsystems适用,于,于非理,想,想性较,大,大的情,况,况,二、,实,实际,理,理论,板,板数,ActualTheoreticalStages,79,Fig.3-9GillilandcorrelationFig.3-10Erbar-Mddox,将操,作,作回,流,流比,与,与使,用,用,Underwood,法得,到,到的,最,最小,回,回流,比,比,,Fenske,法,法得,到,到的,最,最少,理,理论,板,板及,操,操作,回,回流,比,比下,的,的理,论,论板,数,数相,关,关联,。,。,80,适宜,进,进料,板,板位,置,置的,确,确定,:,:,(1)TheoptimumfeedstagecanbelocatedbyassumingthattheratioofstageabovethefeedtostagebelowthefeedisthesameastheratiodeterminedbysimplyapplyingFenskeequationtotheseparatesectionattotalrefluxconditions.,在操,作,作回,流,流比,下,下精,馏,馏段,与,与提,馏,馏段,理,理论,板,板数,之,之比,等,等于,在,在全,回,回流,下,下用Fenske,方,方程,分,分别,计,计算,得,得到,的,的精,馏,馏段,与,与提,馏,馏段,理,理论,板,板数,之,之比,。,。,N,R,:thenumberoftheoreticalstagesofrectifyingsection,N,S,:thenumberofthetheoreticalstagesofstrippingsection,81,(2)Kirkbrideempiricalcorrelation,适宜,进,进料,板,板位,置,置的,确,确定,:,:,p79,例,例【3-5】,82,3.2.5多,组,组分,精,精馏,塔,塔的,简,简捷,计,计算,方,方法,Approximatemethodformulticomponentdistillations,简捷,法,法应,用,用场,合,合:,初步,设,设计,和,和经,验,验估,算,算。,操作,参,参数,寻,寻优,(,(适,宜,宜操,作,作参,数,数的,确,确定,),)。,合理,的,的分,离,离顺,序,序的,确,确定,。,。,严格,计,计算,中,中设,计,计变,量,量数,值,值和,迭,迭代,变,变量,的,的初,值,值的,提,提供,。,。,当相,平,平衡,数,数据,不,不够,充,充分,时,时,,未,未必,比,比严,格,格计,算,算准,确,确度,差,差。,83,3.2.5多,组,组分,精,精馏,塔,塔的,简,简捷,计,计算,方,方法,Approximatemethod for multicomponent distillations,精馏简捷计算,FUG,法,Fenske,N,m,Underwood,R,m,Gilliland,R、N,84,开始,指定进料条件,指定两个关键组分的分离程度,估计非关键组分的分离情况,决定精馏塔操作压力和冷凝器类型,在塔压下作闪蒸计算,计算最少理论板数和非关键组分的分离程度,计算值与估计值是否接近,对于指定的实际回流比(RRm),计算实际理论板数N,计算最小回流比Rm,yes,计算进料级位置,计算热负荷,结束,no,(bubble-point and dew-point calculation),(adiabatia flash calculation),(Underwood eq.),(R=1.11.5Rm,Gilland correlation),(Kirkbride eq.),(ethaply balance eq.),(Fenske eq.),多组分精,馏,馏的FUG法计算,框,框图,85,(b.p./d.p. calculations),(R=1.11.5Rm,,,,Gilland,图,图),(energy-balanceeq.),Start,Specified feed,Specify splits of two key components,Estimate splits of nonkey components,Determine column pressure and type of condenser,Flash the feed at column pressure,Calculate Nm and splits of nonkey components,Difference between calculated and estimated results is small enough,Calculate actual theoretical stages for specified reflux (RRm),Calculate minimum reflux ratio,yes,Calculate feed stage location,Calculate condenser and reboiler duties,Exit,no,(Adiabatic flash procedure),(Underwood eq.),(Kirkbride eq.),(Fenske eq.),Algorithm for multicomponentdistillation byFUGmethod,86,馏出液和,釜,釜液中组,分,分分配的,规,规定方式,给定LK,、,、HK在,塔,塔顶和塔,釜,釜的回收,率,率,用Fenskeeq.,、,、Underwood eq.和物,料,料衡算直,接,接计算。,给定LK,、,、HK在,塔,塔顶和塔,釡,釡的含量,,,,且LK,、,、HK相,对,对挥发度,相,相邻,先按清,晰,晰分割进,行,行物料衡,算,算,若校,核,核合理,,则,则得到LK和HK,的,的回收率,;,;若不合,理,理,则试,差,差计算,,直,直至得到,合,合理物料,分,分配。,给定LK,、,、HK在,塔,塔顶和塔,釡,釡的含量,,,,但LK,、,、HK相,对,对挥发度,不,不相邻,先设定LK、HK的回收,率,率初值,,用,用Fenskeeq.试,差,差计算,,得,得到符合,规,规定的LK、HK,在,在塔顶和,塔,塔釡的含,量,量。,给定LK,、,、HK其,中,中之一的,回,回收率,,另,另一个为,塔,塔顶或塔,釡,釡的含量,先假定,比,比LK轻,的,的组分在,塔,塔釡为零,,,,比HK,重,重的组分,在,在塔顶为,零,零,作物,料,料衡算并,进,进行校核,。,。若假定,合,合理,则,得,得到LK,和,和HK的,回,回收率;,若,若假定不,合,合理,则,进,进行试差,计,计算,直,至,至物料分,配,配合理。,87,已知:精,馏,馏塔,进料量=100mol/h;70,(泡点)进料,,操,操作压力=405.3kPa 。,进料组成,(,(摩尔分,数,数):,正丁烷,x,A,=0.4,;,;正戊烷,x,B,=0.25;,正己烷,x,C,=0.20;正庚,烷,烷,x,D,=0.15。,分离要求,:,:,正戊烷在,馏,馏出液中,的,的回收率,为,为90,;,;,正己烷在,釡,釡液中的,回,回收率为90。,计算:,(1),馏,馏出液和,釡,釡液的流,率,率和组成,;,;,(2),塔,塔顶温度,和,和塔釡温,度,度;,(3),最,最少理论,板,板数和组,分,分分配;,(4),最,最小回流,比,比和实际,回,回流比(,R=1.5R,m,),;,;,(,5,),理,理,论,论,板,板,数,数,;,;,(6),进,进,料,料,位,位,置,置,。,。,88,(1),馏,馏,出,假,定,定,清,清,晰,晰,89,(2),塔,塔,顶,顶,温,温,度,度,和,和,塔,塔,釡,釡,温,温,度,度,塔顶温度:,馏出液露点,温,温度即塔顶,温,温度,根据馏出液,组,组成和压力,进,进行露点温,度,度计算,塔釜温度:,釜液泡点温,度,度即塔釜温,度,度,根据釜液组,成,成和压力进,行,行泡点温度,计,计算,90,(3) 最,少,少理论板数,(,(,N,m,)和组分分,配,配,N,m,:,组分分配:,91,(4) 最,小,小回流比(,R,m,)和实际回,流,流比(,R,=1.5,R,m,),R,m,:Underwoodeq.,饱和液体进,料,料,,q,=1,R,=1.5,R,m,92,(5) 理,论,论板数,N,Erbar-Maddox图,93,(6) 进,料,料位置,Kirkbrideempiricalcorrelation,94,Summary of3.2MulticomponentDistillation, 多组分,精,精馏过程分,析,析(温度、,浓,浓度变化), 最小回,流,流比(Underwood eq.), 最少理,论,论板数(Fenskeeq.), 实际回,流,流比(经验,R,=11.5,R,m,), 理论板,数,数(Gilliland 图、Erbar-Maddox图), 简捷计,算,算(FUG,法,法),95,普通精馏操,作,作是分离液,体,体混合物的,最,最常用和有,效,效的方法。,应用范围:,(1)待分,离,离的两组分,的,的挥发性相,差,差较大,两,组,组分的相对,挥,挥发度较大,,,,根据经验,相,相对挥发度,最,最少应大于1.05。,(2)待分,离,离的混合物,不,不存在恒沸,点,点。,(3)组分,间,间无化学反,应,应,组分不,发,发生分解。,(4)混合,物,物各组分在,一,一般(
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