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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,EST Translation,Unit 4 分清主次把握文理,分清主从 把握文理,英语句子严格地遵守语法规则，句中主、谓、宾、定、状、补，井然有序，句子成分可以通过语法结构进行层层分析，复句多，长句多，复杂结构多。,(,形合,),汉语不受严格的语法约束，没有固定的句式结构，习惯多个小句平行并列，多用动词、形容词作句子谓语，偏爱四字句。,(,意合,),因此，在英译汉的过程中，分清主从是首要环节。,分清主从的几个关键环节,1. 抓主谓结构,EX1: Standing in the right spot in this gigantic city and hills draped with apartment complexes can remind you of Hong Kong, the density of habitation will recall Tokyo and the river-spanning brawn, replete with an immense new structure over the Yangtze that echoes the Brooklyn bridge, might recall New York,.,（许建平，2008V2：29）,并列句含3个独立句：,地点状语+后置定语：,Standing in the right spot in this gigantic city and hills draped with apartment complexes,brawn的定语从句：,brawn, replete with an immense new structure over the Yangtze that echoes the Brooklyn bridge,译文：置身于这座巨大的城市，站在密密麻麻满是公寓楼的山坡上可能会是你想到香港；这六密集的人口会让你想到东京；而那横跨长江两岸、仿效布鲁克林大桥豁然耸立的庞大新建筑物，或许会让你想到纽约。,EX2: While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.,主语：modern practice,谓语： conforms to one,让步状语从句：While there are ,定语从句：that sees.as,其它成分：从句中的比较结构 as many as;主句中的one是代词，代替definition；不定式短语to recreate and explain the significant events of the past修饰the attempt（重现和解释过去的重大事件的企图）；,译文：尽管有多少历史学家几乎就有多少种对历史的定义，但现代实践与一种定义最相符：历史就是试图重现和解释过去的重大事件。,1. 抓主谓结构,EX1:,Under the plan, which is being emulated by other big inland cities, the city wants to move two million rural residents into newly urbanized areas within an hours driving distance from the city center within the next five years, and another two million in the five years after that.（许建平，2008V2：30）,时间,：,地点：,人物：,范围：,附加信息：,Under the plan, which is being emulated by other big inland cities,译文：根据这一规划，重庆希望在未来五年内能够使200万农村人口迁入距离市中心一小时车程的新建城区，此后5年内再迁入200万人进城。重庆的这种做法正在为内地其他一些城市所赶超。,2. 抓关键信息,EX2: As the clock crept toward 11: 15 p. m. last Thursday, the 500 scientists and engineers packed into the control room and an adjacent auditorium at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory kept their eyes riveted on a bank of computer monitors.,（许建平，2008V2：31）,主谓结构：the 500 scientists and engineers kept their eyes riveted on,时间： 11: 15 p. m. last Thursday,地点： the control room and an adjacent auditorium at the Princeton Plasma(等离子体) Physics Laboratory,人物： the 500 scientists and engineers,事件： the 500 scientists and engineers kept their eyes riveted on a bank of computer monitors.,译文：上星期四，当时针悄悄地指向晚上11：15的时候，普林斯顿等离子体物理实验室控制室和毗连的礼堂里挤满了500名科学家和工程师。他们不约而同地把目光聚集到一排计算机监视屏上。,2. 抓关键信息,EX1: The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity（匮乏）of the information media.,（许建平，2008V2：31）,主谓结构：The isolation is compounded by,逻辑关系：because of表原因；is compounded by表被动，其中的by则表示被、由等。,译文：,因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。由于通讯工具的不足，这种隔绝状态变得更加严重,。,3. 抓逻辑关系,EX2: 我们应该互相尊重，树立信心，避免对抗，增加对话，以建立两国间长久的战略伙伴关系。,（孙万彪、王恩铭，高级翻译教程（第二版），上海外语教育出版社，2000V2（修订版）：302）,主谓结构：我们应该,逻辑关系：表目的：以建立两国间长久的战略伙伴关系。,译文：,In order to establish long-term strategic partnership between the two countries, we should respect each other, build up confidence, avoid,confrontation and increase dialogue.,（孙万彪、王恩铭，高级翻译教程（第二版），上海外语教育出版社，2000V2（修订版）：302）,3. 抓逻辑关系,EX1: There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gong to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.,（许建平，2008V2：33）,主谓结构：There is nothing more disappointing than.,定语从句： who has gong to a lot of trouble or expense ；which may be her chief interest and pride;,状语从句：so interestedthat,译文：一个女主人花了很多心神和费用来招待客人，可客人只顾津津有味地与丈夫谈政治，谈生意，却没有注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却可能是她最感兴趣并引以自豪的东西再没有任何情况比这更令人失望的了。,4. 抓表达方式,EX2: 要懂得电影是怎样工作的，我们首先必须知道这样一个事实：即我们的眼睛有一种被称为“视觉暂留”的奇特习性。靠着这种习性，我们的眼睛能在像光源这种东西消失之后的一刹那间继续“看”到它。,译文：,To understand how motion pictures work, we must first know the fact that our eyes have a peculiar habit, called “persistence of vision”, by means of which they can continue to “see” something, e.g. a source of light, for a moment after its disappearance.,4. 抓表达方式,EX1-1: 苏州地处长江中下游，气候温和，土地肥沃，再加上湖泊密布、水道纵横，自唐代以来就有“鱼米之乡”的美称。,（许建平，2008V2：34）,译文：Situated in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and blessed with a mild climate, fertile soil and numerous lakes and waterways across the region, Suzhou has enjoyed the reputatio of “an area of fish and rice” ever since the Tang Dynasty (618A.D.-907A.D.),（许建平，2008V2：247）,Translation Practice,EX1-2: 历史记载标明，早在两千多年前的春秋战国时期，这一代的渔业和农业几相当发达。,（许建平，2008V2：34-35）,译文：Historical records show that early in the Spring and Autumn Period (770 B.C.- 474 B.C.) and the Warring States Period (475 B.C. 221 B.C.) the region was fairly advanced in fishery and farming.,（许建平，2008V2：247）,Translation Practice,EX1-3: 苏州还是一个多水多桥、引人入胜的风光城市。居民住房前有街、后门临桥，水道、街坊相交处都建有桥梁。,（许建平，2008V2：35）,译文：,As a city of tourist attraction, Suzhou is dotted with bridges and waterways. Local residents houses always face the streets in the front and their backdoors are often built at waters edge. Wherever waterways and streets cross, bridges are built to serve the purpose.,（许建平，2008V2：247）,Translation Practice,EX1-4: 现存的宋代石刻“平江图”上注明的就有三百零四座桥。,（许建平，2008V2：35）,译文：The Map of Pingjiang District, a well-preserved city map carved on a stone plate in the Song Dynasty (960-1297), indicated that there were 304 bridges in those days.,（许建平，2008V2：247）,Translation Practice,EX2: With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.,（许建平，2008V2：34）,译文：我曾怀着同样的激情去追求知识。我渴望了解人们的内心世界，渴望知道星星为什么发光。我还试图领悟毕达哥拉斯的学说的力量，凭借它，数字能掌控潮起潮落。我有所收获，但还不是很多。,（许建平，2008V2：247）,Translation Practice,EX3: The steel industry in the United States is completely different compared to other industries globally. US corporate bond issuers have a higher historical default rate than any other steel producer globally. This reflects highly leveraged capital structures of the US steel producers compared to the European counterparts who hold higher cash balances placing significant importance to a cautious approach to liquidity. The high default rate in the US steel industry can be attributed to an elevated level of shareholder pressure for high short-term returns, which then forces the management to deploy higher-risk strategies.,译文：美国钢铁行业与全球其他国家的完全不同。美国企业债券的违约率比其他国家钢铁企业的要高。这表明美国钢铁企业与欧洲同行相比，具有更高比例的杠杆式资本结构，欧洲企业有更多的现金存底且以更谨慎的方式对待资金流动性。美国钢铁企业违约率高主要是由于股东对短期回报有较高的要求，从而使得管理层采用更冒险的策略。,Translation Practice,EX4: Oversupply in China, particularly in commodity based flat products and long products, and the inventory build-up in Asian countries are pressuring the regions profitability and cash flow and thus contributing to the variability in the global steel industry.,译文：中国钢材生产过剩，尤其是普通的扁平材和长材产品，且亚洲国家库存增加，使这个区域的盈利能力下降，并导致全球钢铁行业出现波动。,Translation Practice,Exercises,1. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than 100 years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.,2. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.,3.,There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate on the various branches of historical inquiry.,4. No nation can survive without peaceful environment. We maintain no situation is permanent which does not take into account the legitimate wishes of the majority of people of any country.,参考译文,1.自然选择在进化中的作用仅在100多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。,2.上述情况也同样适用于传统史学家和社会学史学家。前者把历史只是看作史学界内部和外部对史料来源的批评；后者则将自己的研究活动与具体的技术相提并论。,3.方法论是指一般历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史研究中的众多具体领域适合的研究方法，没有形成一致意见。,4. 任何国家要生存必须有一个和平的环境。我们认为和平的局面要持久，就必须考虑到有关国家大多数人民的正当愿望。,
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