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单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Company,Logo,骨水泥在人工髋关节置换术中的应用,Contents,1.,概述,2.,使用方法,3.,骨水泥的优点,4.,骨水泥的缺点,5.,骨水泥植入综合征,概 述,骨水泥是一种用于骨科手术的医用材料,,由于它的局部物理性质以及凝固后外观和性状颇像建筑、装修用的白水泥,便有了如此通俗的名称。其实,它的正名是骨粘固剂,。其主要成分是聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,主要用于人工关节置换手术。,Image information in product,-Title Image -CD:medical perspectives(Eyewire),-Note to customers:This image has been licensed to be used within this PowerPoint template only.,You may not extract the image for any other use.,使用方法,第一步,由白色粉末和无色带刺激气味的液体两部分组成,使用时,按一定比例将它们倒在一起调和,即发生聚合反应,第二步,开始像砂浆,进而如同稀粥,接着变成面团一样,可以揉捏、挤压成任意形状,最后逐步固化。,第三步,医生在其硬化前,将它置于准备更换关节的部位,随即安上人工关节。等到反应结束,骨水泥便成功地将人工关节与人体骨骼镶嵌,并牢牢地固定。,骨水泥的优点,使用方便:,从混合到固化只需要,10,多分钟时间。,优 点,固定牢固,骨水泥的缺点,填充时可引起骨髓腔内高压,致使脂肪滴进入血管,引起栓塞。,缺 点,时间过久,人工关节仍可能发生松动。,骨水泥植入综合征,1,特征表现包括,急性低血压、低氧血症、心律失常,、心跳骤停、心肺功能障碍,,甚至,死亡,。,2,一般发生于骨水泥植入股骨髓腔后数分钟内,若病情发现及时并迅速开始支持治疗,患者的存活率会提高。,3,为能早期识别骨水泥植入综合征,,护士应熟知其病因、危险因素、症状和预防措施。,机 制一,骨水泥为高分子聚合物,化学成分为聚,甲基丙烯酸甲酯,(PMMA),,术中临时调制,,由液态单体,(LMMA),在聚合酶粉剂催化下聚,合而成。,Image information in product,-Title Image -CD:medical perspectives(Eyewire),-Note to customers:This image has been licensed to be used within this PowerPoint template only.,You may not extract the image for any other use.,机 制二,LMMA,可渗透入血,高浓度,LMMA,有,心肌抑制作用,,可破坏粒细胞、单核细,胞和内皮细胞使之释放蛋白水解酶,引发,细胞和组织溶解,同时可激活补体系统,,增加细胞因子产生和释放,使凝血活动增,强,还可作用于血管平滑肌之钙通道,导,致血管扩张,,血压下降,。,Image information in product,-Title Image -CD:medical perspectives(Eyewire),-Note to customers:This image has been licensed to be used within this PowerPoint template only.,You may not extract the image for any other use.,机 制三,低粘度骨水泥和加压注入固定技术,会在股骨髓腔内造成极高的髓内压,超,过静脉循环压力时可破坏髓内静脉,骨,髓、脂肪、骨颗粒等通过破坏的静脉进,入循环系统,重者形成,肺栓塞,,使,肺血,管阻力升高、肺动脉高压、心肺功能衰,竭,。,Image information in product,-Title Image -CD:medical perspectives(Eyewire),-Note to customers:This image has been licensed to be used within this PowerPoint template only.,You may not extract the image for any other use.,术前准备,1,了解患者的一般情况,各项生化指标,,各脏器功能,有无糖尿病、电解质紊乱等,有无隐藏,的感染病灶,如尿路感染、肺部支气管感染、肺结核等,2,观察患肢的血液循环及全身皮肤情况。,3,必要时遵医嘱静脉给予地塞米松,10mg,和葡萄糖酸钙,1g,,以预防骨水泥不良反应。,术中护理一,1,、妥善安置手术体位:,患者侧卧,90,,患侧在上。,2,、严密观察患者的血液循环,皮肤颜色、弹,性、张力等。,3,、注意为患者保暖:,保持手术问温度在,24,26,,,不过多暴露躯体。,Image information in product,-Title Image -CD:medical perspectives(Eyewire),-Note to customers:This image has been licensed to be used within this PowerPoint template only.,You may not extract the image for any other use.,术中护理二,4,、在植入骨水泥时要密切观察心率、血压、,呼吸的变化,如有变化应及时配合麻醉师,进行抢救。常规配备阿托品、麻黄素、肾,上腺素、多巴胺等药品备用。,Image information in product,-Title Image -CD:medical perspectives(Eyewire),-Note to customers:This image has been licensed to be used within this PowerPoint template only.,You may not extract the image for any other use.,术中护理三,5、在调配骨水泥时,尽量减少单体的产生和空气进,入,防止骨水泥植入综合征的发生。,6、假体植入前,髓腔用加有抗生素的生理盐水进行,脉冲式灌洗(500ml生理盐水+庆大霉素32万U),,然后用纱布擦干髓腔和假体柄,假体植入后及时,去除溢出髓腔的骨水泥。,Image information in product,-Title Image -CD:medical perspectives(Eyewire),-Note to customers:This image has been licensed to be used within this PowerPoint template only.,You may not extract the image for any other use.,术后护理,1,密切观察生命体征:使用心电监护仪监测患者的心率、血压、血氧饱和度、温度。,2,高浓度给氧:维持高水平的动脉血氧饱和度。,3,注意患者的搬动和转运:手术结束将患者由,侧卧,90,-,侧卧,45,-,平卧,的方法逐步将患者搬运到推床上。,骨水泥的远期并发症有待于进一步研,究,应用现代骨水泥技术及术中预防性给,药等措施可预防或减少术中骨水泥反响的,发生。,Image information in product,-Title Image -CD:medical perspectives(Eyewire),-Note to customers:This image has been licensed to be used within this PowerPoint template only.,You may not extract the image for any other use.,Thank You!,
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