Lecture-4-noun-and-noun-phrase

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lecture,4,Noun and Noun Phrase,Classification of Nouns,Number Forms of Nouns,(名词的数),Unit Noun(Partitive),(单位名词),Classification of Nouns,Word formation,Lexical meaning,Grammatical form,Simple nouns,Compound nouns,Derivative nouns,Common nouns,Proper nouns,Countable nouns,Uncountable,nouns,Simple nouns:a noun that contains only one free morpheme.,man,chair,land,ship,water,gas,faith,Compound nouns:a noun that is composed of two or more morphemes.,armchair,farmland,seaside,forget-me-not,Derivative nouns:a noun that comes from a verb,an adjective or a simple noun with affix.,arrangement,greatness,ability,expectation,P41 Ex.4A,Common Noun Proper Noun,个体名词,Individual Noun,(boy,house,tiger,insect),集体名词,Collective Noun,(family,team,cattle,police),物质名词,Material Noun,(air,snow,bread,rice),抽象名词,Abstract Noun,(glory,honesty,education),A proper noun is a name used for a particular person,place or thing,and spelt with a capital initial letter.,Anderson,China,San Francisco,the Democratic Party,the State Council,the 12th Five-Year Plan,Count and non-count nouns,A count noun(or countable noun)is a noun that has a plural and which can collocate with numbers and with such determiners as a(n),many,few,these,those,several,etc.,A non-count noun(or uncountable noun)is a noun that cannot go with the above-mentioned words.,Three main number classes of Ns,1)variable Ns,Regular Vs irregular,2)singular invariable Ns,Noncount Ns:gold,Abstract adjective heads:the unreal,Proper Ns:Henry,3)plural invariable Ns,Summation plurals:scissors,Pluralia tantum in s:thanks,Unmarked plural Ns:people,Personal adjecitve heads:the rich,Proper Ns:the Alps,1)Ns with irregular plural,Voicing and s plural calf calves,Mutation plural foot feet,-en plural child children,Zero plural sheep sheep,Foreign plurals stimulus stimuli (Latin),larva larvae/i:/,stratum strata,index indices,matrix matrices/isi:z/,thesis theses (Greek),criterion criteria,bureau bureaux (French,tempo tempi Italian,kibbutz kibbutzim Hebrew,Zero plural,Zero plural ns can be both singular and plural;while invariable ns are either singular or plural.,This sheep looks small.,All those sheep are ours.,This music is too loud.,All the cattle are grazing in the field.,Ns with equivocal number,There are also nouns such as,barracks(营房),headquarters(总部),means(方法,手段),series(系列),alms(施舍),species(种类),and,works(工厂),whose singular and plural number share the same form.These nouns are treated as plural when used in the plural sense,or vice versa:,The only,means,to achieve success,is,to appeal to arms.,All,means,have,been tried out to increase agricultural production.,2)Singular invariable Ns,Some concrete noncount ns can be reclassified as count ns with specific meanings,Butters kind(s)of butter,A beer a glass of beer,Some abstract noncount ns can be reclassified as count ns where they refer to,an instance of a given abstract phenomenon,Injustices,regrets,kindnesses,pleasures,etc.,Some noncount ns,particularly those denoting natural phenomena,may be pluralized,eg；,Walking through the woods,Lets play on the sands,I have serious doubt/grave fears,Raise someones hopes,Some plurals express intensity,great quantity or extent,and a literary flavour.,The sands of the desert,Sailing on the great waters,Reclassification of material ns,Breads几种客面包,Coffees几杯咖啡,Lemonades几瓶柠檬汁,Deserts一片片沙漠,Sands一片沙漠,Fats各类脂肪,Fishes各类鱼,Foods各类食物,Fruits各类水果,Tobaccos各类烟草,Metals各类金属,Steels各种钢材,Teas各种茶叶,Wheats各种小麦,Reclassification of abstract ns,Anxiety 焦虑 anxieties 使人忧虑的事情,Business生意 businesses多片商店货多家企业,Delicacy微妙 delicacies山珍海味,Disorder混乱 disorders小病 微恙,Experience阅历 experiences 经受,Fear恐惊 fears种种担忧,Friendship友情 friendships表示友情的事例,Joy欢快 joys令人欣慰的人或事,Kindness善意 盛情美意 kindnesses善行,Pity怜悯 pities不幸,Security安全 securities证券 债券,Sympathy怜悯 sympathies怜悯 慰问 表示慰问的函电等,Invariable ns ending in s,Subject names ending in ics are generally singular nouns,Physics is an important subject in middle school.,Athletics is a required course for the students of all grades.,However,some such nouns are treated as plural when used in other senses than subject names:,Athletics(体育运动have been greatly promoted at this college.,Politics政治学；政治观点或态度,linguistics,electronics,mathematics,informatics,mechanics力学,statistics统计学；统计数字或资料,acoustics声学/音响学;音响效果,optics,economics经济学；经济要素/经济上的利弊,Disease and game names ending in s are generally treated as singular:,Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.,Darts(投镖玩耍is one of the oldest of games and was not confined to children.,Diabetes糖尿病,mumps腮腺炎,measles麻疹,phlebitis静脉炎,rickets软骨病,shingles带状疱疹,arthritis关节炎;,Bowls保龄球,dominoes多米诺骨牌,checkers/draughts跳棋,fives英国两人或四人玩的对墙投机之手球,ninepins九柱戏,darts掷镖玩耍,billiards玩桌球,But there are a few exceptions,e.g.measles and rickets can be used either as singular or as plural,while cards is usually treated as plural:,Rickets is/are caused by malnutrition(养分不良.,Cards are not allowed here.,The news of the losses,suffered,by our troops,A,were,much worse,than expected,.,B C D