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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Mark Twain suggested that an,ingredient,was missing in the America ambition when he said:what a,robust,pepole,what a nation of thinkers we might be,lf we would only,lay ourselves on,the shelf occasionally and,renew,our,edges,.,翻译：马克吐温觉得，美国式的抱负中缺少一个成分。他说：如果我们能偶然的彻底放松一下，使我们的棱角保持锋利，那么我们的民族将会是一个多么富有朝气，多么善于思考的民族啊。,ingredient,成分，原料，因素，要素,eg:our skin cream contains only natural,ingredients.,我们的护肤霜只包含天然成分。,occasionally,ken()li,adv.,偶尔，间或；“,occasional”,的派生,eg:We occasionally meet for a drink after work.,我们下班后偶尔相聚小酌。,robust adj 1,强健的，强壮的,eg:she was almost 90,but still very robust,她将近,90,岁了，但身体仍然十分强健。,2,结实的，耐用的，坚固的,3(,体制或结构,),强劲的，富有活力的,robust economic growth,强劲的经济增长,4,坚定的，信心十足的,noun,：,robustness,lay ourselves on the shelf:relax,rest or stay away from all this crazy struggle for success,edge d n.,边；优势（悬崖、峭壁的）边缘，端；锋利，尖锐,vt.,在,上加边界；使渐进；给（刀刃）磨边，使锋利；修整,vi.,慢慢向前移动，侧身移动,noun:,锋利，尖锐,eg:a knife with a sharp edge,刀刃锋利,renew our edges:keep our edges sharp,renew vt.,重新开始；使更新；使恢复；补充,vi.,重申，重复强调；重新开始,vt:renew your health,恢复你的健康,vi:There was renewed fighting yesterday.,昨天战斗重新打响了。,Personal tragedy,haunted,his entire life,in the deaths of loved ones:his father dying of,pneumonia,when Sam was 12,；,his brother Herry,killed by a steamboat,explosion,the death of his son,Langon,at 19 mouths.,译文：可悲的是马克吐温的一生却笼罩在悲剧和不幸的阴影中，他的亲人相继离他而去,;,他,12,岁时，父亲便因肺炎而去世；他的兄弟亨利在一次蒸汽船爆炸事故中丧生，他的儿子朗顿才十九个月就夭折了。,haunt verb,萦绕在心头，缠绕：长期困扰,eg:The stigma of being a bankrupt is likely to,haunt him for the rest of his life,.,破产的耻辱可能会让他余生不得安宁。,Vi,尤指鬼魂重回或常去,eg:His ghost is said to haunt some of the rooms,banging a toy drum.,据说他的鬼魂经常敲着玩具鼓出没在其中的一些房间里。,noun:,方,鬼或其它超自然物体；常去的地方,The college library is,a favorite haunt,.,大学图书馆是人们喜欢的地方。,haunted adj.,闹鬼的；受到折磨的；令人烦恼的,haunt”,的过去式和过去分词,adj,（表情）焦虑的，忧心忡忡的,eg:She looked so haunted,I almost didnt recognize her.,她愁容满面，我差点儿没认出她来。,pneumonia,nmonj,nj-,n.,医,肺炎；急性肺炎,eg:She nearly died of pneumonia.,她差点儿死于肺炎。,explosion ksplon n.,爆炸，炸裂；爆发；扩张，激增；（感情，尤指愤怒的）突然,eg:After the second explosion,all of Londons main train and subway stations were shut down.,第二次爆炸后，伦敦所有的主要火车站和地铁站都关闭了。,N-count,可数名词 爆炸声,;,轰然巨响,There was an explosion of music.,突然爆发出一阵震耳欲聋的音乐声,.,His eldest daughter,Susy,died of,spinal,meningitis,Mis.Clements,succumbed,to a heart attack in Florence,and youngest daughter,Jean,an,epileptic,drowned,in an upstairs,bathtub,.,译文：他的大女儿苏茜死于脊膜炎；他的妻子在佛罗伦萨死于心脏病；他最小的女儿简患有癫痫，发病时溺死在楼上的浴缸里。,spinal spanl adj.,脊柱的，与脊柱有关的；针的，刺的；棘状突起的,adv.,在脊骨方面，压着脊骨,n.,医,脊髓麻醉,spinal injuries,脊椎损伤,meningitis mnndats n.,脑膜炎,Meningitis is a serious infectious illness which affects your brain and spinal cord.,bronchitis,支气管炎,tonsillitis,扁桃体炎,appendicitis,：,阑尾炎,hepatitis,肝炎,arthritis,关节炎,succumbed skmd,v.,不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）,(succumb,的过去式和过去分词,),；屈从；被压垮；死于,to succumb to:,to give in or stop resisting,eg:A few years later,Katya succumbed to cancer in London.,几年后，卡佳因患癌症在伦敦病逝。,He succumbed to the temptations of the big city.,他受不住大城市的诱惑。,epileptic epleptk,adj.,由癫痫引发的,n.,癫痫病患者,His wife is an epileptic.,他妻子是个癫痫患者,.,drown dran vt.,淹死；浸没；麻痹某人对,的意识；（一声音）淹没（另一声音）,vi.,淹死,eg:Last night a boy was drowned in the river.,昨晚一名男孩在河里溺亡。,eg:Clapping drowned the speakers words for a moment.,鼓掌声一度淹没了发言人的声音。,bathtub btb,b-n.,浴缸，澡盆,eg:Please let the water out of the bathtub.,请把浴缸里的水放掉。,Bitterness,fed on the man who had made the world laugh.The,moralizing,of his earlier writing had been well,padded,with humor.Now,the gloves came off,with,biting satire,.,译文：这个曾经给全世界带来欢笑的人自己却饱尝了人世间的不幸与辛酸。他早期作品中的说教包着幽默的外衣，可现在幽默却变成了辛辣的讽刺。,to feed on/upon-to take as food,Rhetorical device:the personification of bitterness-to emphasize the suffering in his own life,Pad with humor-cover,stuff,fill with humor,(1)bitterness btns,n.,苦味；痛苦；悲痛；酷烈,She was full of hatred and bitterness.,她满腔仇恨和辛酸。,If you have tasted the bitterness of gall,you know better the sweetness of honey.,吃过黄连苦，更知蜜糖甜。,bitter adj 1,激烈的；猛烈的；充满敌意的,eg:the scene of bitter fighting,激烈的战斗场面,2,怨恨的；愤愤不平的,3,（经历或感觉）令人非常失望的，痛苦的，辛酸的,eg:A great deal of bitter experience had taught him how to lose gracefully.,大量惨痛的经历让他学会了如何坦然面对失败。,noun:,苦啤酒,a pint of bitter,一品脱苦啤酒,to the bitter end,坚持到底；拼到底,(2)biting bat adj.,尖锐刺人的；刺痛 的；辛辣的；嘲讽的,v.,咬，叮,(bite,的现在分词,),；刺痛；有咬（或叮）的习性；（人）上当,1,刻薄的；尖刻的；辛辣的,eg:biting satire,尖刻的讽刺,2,寒冷的；刺骨的；凛冽的,eg:.a raw,biting northerly wind.,阴冷刺骨的北风,(3)satire star n.,讽刺；讽刺文学；讽刺作品,eg:a sharp satire on the American political process.,一部尖刻讽刺美国政治进程的作品,moralizing mrlz,1.vt,进行训诫，进行说教，教化,eg:As a dramatist I hate to moralize.,作为一名剧作家，我憎恨说教。,2 noun,说教,eg:We have tried to avoid any moralising.,我们力图避免任何形式的说教。,moralization n.,道德说教，伦理课程，道义,moralization (the act of making moral),pad vt.,给,装衬垫，加垫子；填塞；踏平,vi.,步行，放轻脚步走,n.,垫，衬垫；护具；便签本；发射台,eg:a jacket with padded shoulders,有垫肩的夹克,noun(,可数,)1,住处,;,（尤指）寓所，公寓,eg:I moved on round the big house to reach my pad.,我绕过大房子走向我的公寓。,2,指头肚儿；（动物的）爪垫,eg:Tap your cheeks all over with the pads of your fingers.,用手指头肚儿轻拍脸颊一遍。,“the gloves came off”derives from the idiom“an iron hand in a velvet glove”(ruthlessness concealed by
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