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IDSA,粒缺发热患者诊治指南解读,2010,年,IDSA,粒缺伴发热患者诊治指南,1,2002,年,IDSA,粒缺伴发热患者诊治指南,2,VS,与,2002,年,IDSA,粒缺伴发热患者诊治指南比较,,2010,年指南在经验性用药时未推荐万古霉素等治疗,G,+,菌的药物,1、Freifeld,AG et al.,Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011;52(4):,e56e93,2、,Hughes WT et al.Clinical Infectious Diseases.2002;34:73051.,与,2002,年,IDSA,指南相比,,2010,年,IDSA,粒缺发热指南初始经验性治疗,方案未推荐使用抗,G,+,菌感染药物,?,A:,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是血液科主要,G,+,菌,且其毒力较低,无须早期经验性覆盖,G,+,球菌是我国血液科患者感染常见致病菌,我国研究显示:,G,+,球菌已成为血液科患者感染的主要致病菌,其检出率最高可达,58.5%,一项对自,2000,年,1,月,-2004,年,6,月的,270,例血液科患者中分离的,355,株细菌进行分析。目的在于分析血液科患者中细菌分布情况。,王椿等。中国感染与化疗杂志。,2006;6:37-41,。,检出率,(%),众多因素导致粒缺患者,G,+,菌感染比例升高,采用强化抗癌治疗,留置静脉导管的广泛应用,肿瘤患者化疗后常伴有口腔及上消化道粘膜破损,广泛采用抗生素预防,汪复,主编。实用抗感染治疗学。2005年版。,与,MRSA,感染相关的危险因素,危险因素,OR,95%CIs,P,抗生素暴露,左氧氟沙星,8.01,3.15,;,20.3,0.001,大环内酯类,4.06,1.15,;,14.4,0.03,采集培养前住院时间长,1.03,1.37,;,4.72,0.003,先前住院,1.95,1.19,;,4.22,0.01,肠道营养,2.55,1.02,;,3.76,0.04,手术,2.24,1.0,;,1.07,0.05,病例对照研究:,MRSA,vs,MSSA,Graffunder,49:999-1005,抗菌药物使用与,MRSA,增长密切相关,大环内酯类,第三代头孢菌素,和氟喹诺酮类消耗量总和,MRSA,流行率,滞后时间,大环内酯类,13,月,第三代头孢菌素,4 7,月,氟喹诺酮类,4 5,月,Monnet,DL.et al.Emerg Infect Dis.2004 Aug;10(8):1432-41,早期使用广谱抗菌药物是,MRSA,感染的高危因素,氟喹诺酮类是治疗院内及社区感染最主要的抗菌药物,但氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物的应用同样易导致,MRSA,感染,研究显示:左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星等喹诺酮类药物的使用增加,MRSA,感染的危险,优势比,Weber,SG et al.Emerging Infectious Diseases.2003;9:1415-1422.,一项对,343,例患者,(222,例为,MRSA,感染,,163,例为,MSSA,感染,),进行的对照研究,目的在于分析氟喹诺酮的使用是否是导致,MRSA,感染的危险因素。,导致粒缺患者发生,G,+,菌感染的重要危险因素,结果显示,单变量分析显示:先前入住层流室、接受高剂量阿糖胞苷,/,口服不吸收的抗真菌药治疗、寒颤、粘膜炎、腹泻等因素与发生,G+,菌感染具有显著相关性,多变量分析显示:仅接受高剂量阿糖胞苷治疗、质子泵抑制剂、出现寒颤是与,G,+,菌感染相关的独立危险因素,一项对,513,例粒缺患者进行的前瞻性、多中心研究;目的在于分析导致粒缺患者发生,G,+,菌感染的危险因素,Cordonnier,C et al.Clinical Infectious Diseases.2003;36:14958,导致粒缺患者发生,G+,菌感染的重要危险因素,(1),危险因素,患者百分比,P,值,(,单变量分析,),多变量分析,G+,菌感染,(n=108),非,G+,菌感染,(n=405),OR(95%CI),P,年龄,400,;不同,MIC,下对于剂量的要求,达到,AUC/MIC 400,的可能性,100,75,50,25,0,0.25,0.5,2,4,MIC(g/mL),P,=.0402,1,高剂量万古霉素,低剂量万古霉素,平均谷浓度,平均,AUC,低剂量,(,谷浓度,15 g/mL),9.43.2*,318111*,高剂量,(,谷浓度,15 g/mL),20.43.2*,418152*,MIC=1,的情况下更需要高剂量的万古霉素,Jeffres,MN.Chest.2006;130:947-955;Mohr JF,Murray BE Clin Infect Dis.2007;44:1536-1542.,*P.001,治疗组,死亡危险,(,OR 95%CI,),P,值,万古霉素,MIC=1,1,万古霉素,MIC=1.5,2.86(0.87,9.35),0.08,万古霉素,MIC=2,6.39(1.68,24.3),0.001,不适当的治疗*,3.62(1.20,10.9),8,99.5,肠球菌,744,2,0.5-8,99.5,肺炎链球菌,636,1,0.12-2,100,草绿色链球菌,214,1,0.25-2,100,-,溶血性链球菌,375,1,0.5-2,100,Douglas JB et,al.Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease.2010;68:459-467.,.,*针对,MRSA,菌株,斯沃,MIC,值与,MSSA,菌株值相当,目前结果尚未公布。,利奈唑胺在各种组织中均具有良好的穿透率,组织,/,体液,万古霉素,替考拉宁,利奈唑胺,骨,7-13%,50-60%,60%,脑脊液,0-18%,10%,70%,上皮细胞衬液,11-17%,-,450%,炎性渗出液,-,77%,104%,肌肉,30%,40%,94%,腹透液,20%,40%,61%,汗液,-,-,55%,利奈唑胺治疗,G,+,菌感染临床疗效显著,研究或亚组,利奈唑胺,万古霉素,优势比,(OR),优势比,(OR),事件,总计,事件,总计,权重,M-H,,固定,,95%CI,M-H,,固定,,95%CI,DongFangLin2008,49,59,37,57,3.9%,2.651.11,6.33,Kaplan,2003,134,150,60,71,5.4%,1.540.67,3.51,Rubinstein 2001,20,30,10,20,2.5%,2.000.63,6.38,S.Kohno 2007,71,107,62,91,13.9%,0.920.51,1.67,Stevene 2002,22,60,11,30,5.7%,1.000.40,2.48,Weigelt,2005,41,56,38,52,6.5%,1.010.43,2.36,Wlocox 2009,436,462,394,436,14.1%,1.791.08,2.97,Wunderink,2003,193,251,172,218,26.2%,0.890.57,1.38,Wunderink,2008,114,168,111,171,21.8%,1.140.73,1.79,总计,(95%CI),1343,1146,100.0%,1.220.99,1.50,事件总计,1080,895,不均一性检测,Chi,2,=9.51,df=8(P=0.30),I,2,=16%,全部疗效检测,Z=1.89(P=0.06),荟萃分析研究结果显示:利奈唑胺治疗,G,+,菌感染具有显著的临床疗效,对发表的,9,项利奈唑胺与万古霉素治疗,G,+,菌感染的随机对照研究进行荟萃分析,目的在于评价利奈唑胺与万古霉素在治疗,G,+,菌感染时的临床疗效及安全性,Beibei L et al.International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.2010;35:312.,0.1,0.001,10,1000,1,万古霉素,利奈唑胺,利奈唑胺,治疗,MRSA,感染细菌学疗效显著,研究或亚组,利奈唑胺,万古霉素,优势比,(OR),事件,总计,事件,总计,权重,M-H,,固定,,95%CI,M-H,,固定,,95%CI,DongFangLin2008,25,28,15,25,8.5%,5.561.32,23.45,Kaplan,2003,15,17,9,10,3.6%,0.830.07,10.55,Rubinstein 2001,15,23,7,9,6.3%,0.540.09,3.21,S.Kohno 2007,29,62,11,30,14.1%,1.520.62,3.71,Stevene 2002,33,56,36,57,16.0%,0.840.39,1.78,Weigelt,2005,124,140,97,145,17.9%,3.842.06,7.17,Wlocox 2009,63,74,52,60,13.0%,0.880.33,2.35,Wunderink,2003,12,19,10,23,10.2%,2.230.64,7.74,Wunderink,2008,13,23,9,19,10.4%,1.440.43,4.90,总计,(95%CI),442,378,100.0%,1.610.96,2.71,事件总计,329,246,不均一性检测,Chi,2,=16.40,,,df=8(P=0.04),,,I,2,=51%,全部疗效检测,Z=1.77(P=0.08),0.1,0.001,10,1000,1,万古霉素,利奈唑胺,对发表的,9,项利奈唑胺与万古霉素治疗,G,+,菌感染的随机对照研究进行荟萃分析,目的在于评价利奈唑胺与万古霉素在治疗,G,+,菌感染时的临床疗效及安全性,Beibei L et al.International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.2010;35:312.,利奈唑胺治疗,MRSA,所致肺炎疗效显著,P=,NS,临床治愈率,(%),P=,NS,P,0.01,(221/417),(202/387),(70/136),(59/136),(22/62),所有患者,金葡菌肺炎,MRSA,肺炎,(36/61),利奈唑胺治疗院内,MRSA,肺炎疗效显著,1,1,、,Wunderink R,et al.Chest.2003;124:1789-97.2,、,Kollef MH,et al.Intensive Care Med.2004;30:388-94,万古霉素,P,=0.07,P,=0.02,P,=0.06,(n=434),(n=214),(n=179),(n=70),P,=0.01,斯沃,利奈唑胺治疗院内,MRSA,VAP,疗效显著,2,一项对两个比较斯沃与万古霉素治疗,MRSA,院内肺炎患者临床疗效的前瞻性、随机、双盲、多中心对照研究进行的回顾分析。斯沃给予,600mg q12h,,万古霉素给予,1g q12h,,治疗,7-21,天,考虑,G-,菌感染时同时联合应用氨曲南。,一项对两个比较斯沃与万古霉素治疗,MRSA,院内肺炎患者临床疗效的前瞻性、随机、双盲、多中心对照研究进行的回顾分析。斯沃给予,600mg q12h,,万古霉素给予,1g q12h,,治疗,7-21,天,考虑,G-,菌感染时同时联合应用氨曲南。,利奈唑胺治疗粒缺伴发热患者疗效显著,利奈唑胺治疗粒缺伴发热患者临床治愈率与万古霉素相当,临床治愈率,(%),P=0.52,P=0.84,P=0.30,P=0.92,(219/251),(202/237),(55/63),(171/185),(158/177),(43/50),(41/47),(32/37),利奈唑胺治疗粒缺伴发热患者细菌学疗效显著优于万古霉素,细菌学清除,(%),P=0.51,P=0.95,P=0.07,P=0.02,(5
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