Unit-6--Hypotactic-vs.-Paratactic剖析

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 6,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic (形合与意合),More Parataxis in Chinese and,More,Hypotaxis,in English,Some Paratactic Methods in,English,3.Chinese Translation of Paratactic sentences in English,问答题：,1刚性语言与柔性语言之间的差异是什么？举例说明英汉两种不同的语言特征。,刚性语言句子构造完整，主谓必需全都，即形式必需接应formal cohesion,例如：,He has studied abroad for two years.,柔性语言句子构造灵敏，更关留意念接应semantic coherence。例如：,一言既出，驷马难追。,A word once spoken cannot be overtaken even by a team of four horses-what is said cannot be unsaid.,Hypotaxis(形合)is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives;for example,I shall despair,if,you dont come.,Parataxis(意合)is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.Example:,1)The rain fell;the river flooded;the house was washed away.,2)I came,I saw,I conquered.,3)He worked hard,he was still poor.,More conjunctions are used in English.e.g.If,although,because,when,in order that,so that,1The novel was so interesting that I read it several times.,译文1:小说是如此好玩以至于我把它读了好几遍。,译文2：小说很好玩，我读了好几遍。,Translationene：他转过身来观看我手里握着那根上面刻着玛丽布朗的名字的旧钓鱼竿的时候.，,两个似以联合关系配列的汉句，常常隐含种种规律上的附属关系。两句间的规律关系并未因用连词，而趋于模糊；省略连词，表示一气呵成，更显畅洁。恰恰形成比照的是，相应的英语表达却必需变隐含为明示，在规律上理清主句与从句的关系，并使用适当的连词而构成形合句。,2远看山有色，近听水无声，春去花还在；人来鸟不惊。English Translation:,When you look afar,the mountains,are green and clear,a,But no sound of stream is heard when,listening near.a,The flowers remain in full bloom when,springs away,b,A human beings approach the bird,doesnt fray.b,1.More Parataxis in Chinese and More Hypotaxis in English,1.1 隐含“条件”从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句：,1早知今日，何必当时。,If I had known it would come to this,I would have acted differently.,2把小孩冻坏了，我们怎么向他的母亲交待？,If the child catches a chill,what are we going to say to its mother?,1.2 隐含“时间”从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句,3他老是见异思迁。,He is always changing his mind the moment he sees something new.,4他离乡背井十载，从未回去过。,He has never been back to his birthplace since he left it ten years ago.,1.3 隐含“结果”从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句,5他说得太快，我们不能理解他的意思。,He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him.,6天气严寒，河水都结冰了。,It was so cold that the river froze.,1.4 隐含“缘由”从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句,7我只见到他的背影，认不清是谁。,I could not make out who he was as l only saw his back.,8地面潮湿，确定下过雨了。,It must have rained,since the ground is wet.,1.5 隐含“递进”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句,10汤姆做了这件事，做得特殊成功。,Tom did it,and did it very successfully.,11他们战胜了自然灾难，获得了丰收。,They not only overcame the adversity but won a bumper harvest.,1.6 隐含“转折”关系的汉语意句与英语形合句,9江山易改，本性难移。,It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a persons nature.,10他起初同意了，过后又反悔了。,At first he agreed,but later he backed out.,1.7 隐含“比照”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句,11上海曾是冒险家的乐园，劳动人民的苦海。,Shanghai was once paradise for the,adventurers,but the hell for the working,people.,12总之，前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。,In a word,while the prospects are bright,the road has twists and turns.,2.Some Paratactic Methods in English,1Poor acoustics spoilt the performance.,Because the acoustics was poor,the performance was spoilt.,音响效果不好，演出大为逊色。,2The good tidings filled the whole nation with joy,When the good tidings came,the whole nation was filled with joy.,捷报传来，举国喜悦。,3Hunger drove them to sell their children.,原 译：饥饿使他们卖儿卖女。,改译1：他们因饥饿卖儿卖女。,改译2：他们饥饿难忍，卖儿卖女。,改译3：他们饿得卖儿卖女。,4Illness had rendered him rather weak.,原 译：疾病使他变得相当虚弱。,改译1：他因病相当虚弱。,改译2：他身患疾病，相当虚弱。,改译3：他病得相当虚弱。,5His arrogance made everyone dislike him.,原译：他的傲岸使谁也不宠爱他。,改译：他态度傲岸，谁也不宠爱他。,改译：他傲得没人宠爱他。,6The cold weather turned the leaves red.,原译：严寒的天气使树叶变红了。,改译：天气冷了，树叶变红了。,3.C-E Translation of Paratactic sentences,1How could you,when you know that this might damage the apparatus?,译文A:既然你知道这样会损坏仪器，你怎么能这样做呢？形合,译文B:你知道这样会损坏仪器，怎么能这样做呢？意合,2If you tell me all about it,I shall be able to decide.,译文A:假设你把一切都告知我，那么，我就能作出准备。(形合),译文B:你把一切都告知我，我就能准备了。(意合),3A little of everything and nothing at all.,假设什么事情都是浅尝辄止，终将一事无成。(形合),4Admonish your friends in private,praise them in public.,私下忠告你的朋友，公开场合表扬你的朋友。(意合),5He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes,when we came back we found him in his armchair,peacefully gone to sleepbut forever.,让他一个人留在房里总共不过两分钟，当我们再进去的时候，便觉察他在安乐椅上安静地睡着了但已经永久睡着了。(形合),Translation Assignment,How a Wise man Sees it,1 A man recognized as a genius in business circles was invited as a guest of honor to a TV interview.Everybody was eager to hear a success story from him.He,however,only said with a slight smile,“Wont it be better for me to ask you for advice on a certain problem?”,2 Here is the problem he raised:,People all rushed to the place where a gold mine had recently been discovered,but they were blocked by a river flowing across the only way to it.What would you do if you were among them?,3“Make a round about way”,someone suggested.“Swim across”，said another.,The genius smiled without a word.Eventually he gave his view:“Why not do something else instead of rushing to the mine?How about buying a boat to do some ferrying?”,4 The audience was shocked.He explored calmly:“The man could extort money from the passengers to the greatest extent.They were w