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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,腹膜透析基础,腹膜透析基础,1,How PD works,腹 透 原 理,How PD works 腹,2,腹膜透析的定义,腹膜透析(,peritoneal dialysis,,,PD,),是,通过体内自身膜结构,腹膜,,作为滤器进行血液净化,清除多余的水份和废物,腹膜透析主要是,在家中进行治疗,。,腹膜透析前,,先通过简单的手术,,将约,0.7,厘米直径的软管(称为导管)通过腹壁置于腹腔。透析液可以通过此管道进入腹腔。,腹膜透析的定义腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysi,3,腹膜结构,腹膜是被覆于腹腔的光滑浆膜,脏层腹膜,壁层腹膜,腹膜凹陷,腹腔和腹膜腔,腹膜结构腹膜是被覆于腹腔的光滑浆膜,4,间皮,间质,巨噬细胞,/,单核细胞,腹膜毛细血管,在水和溶质的转换中起重要作用,腹膜组成,腹膜组成,5,腹膜转运途径,Endothelium,内皮,Capillaries,毛细血管,Mesothelium,间皮,Peritoneal Cavity(Dialysate),腹腔(透析液),Small solutes,小分子溶质,Glucose,葡萄糖,Macro molecules,大分子溶质,Crystalloidosmosis,晶体渗透压,Colloidosmosis,胶体渗透压,Water,水,Interstitium,间质,Peritoneal tissue layer,腹膜组织层,Ultrafiltration,超滤,腹膜转运途径EndotheliumCapill,6,腹膜将下列两种液体分隔,水分和溶质进行跨膜转运,腹膜毛细血管中的血液,腹腔中的透析液,腹膜工作原理,PERITONEAL,TISSUE,BLOOD,腹膜组织,血液,Membrane,腹膜,PERITONEAL,CAVITY,DIALYSATE,腹腔,透析液,Membrane model,腹膜模型,腹膜将下列两种液体分隔,水分和溶质进行跨膜转运腹膜工作原理P,7,腹膜转运机理,小分子依靠弥散作用从毛细血管进入腹膜间质,再进入透析液中,透析液中的葡萄糖借助弥散作用从腹腔进入腹膜间质,加上弥散出来的小分子,使间质晶体渗透压升高,对毛细血管内水分形成超滤,水就从毛细血管移出;,毛细血管中水分的超滤对毛细血管中大分子又产生对流作用,大分子就进入间质,使局部胶体渗透压升高,水被进一步超滤,这样,水和大分子然后分别进入透析液当中;,葡萄糖不断进入间质和毛细血管使渗透梯度下降,水的超滤下降。,通过上述过程,毛细血管内的水被超滤出来,小分子和大分子毒素通过弥散和对流作用也被排出,从而实现水和毒素的清除,同时伴随着透析液葡萄糖被机体摄入。,腹膜转运机理,8,1,4至6小时之后,代谢废物及多余的水分,会停止移动至透析液中,然后你必须流出旧的透析液,并灌入另一袋新的透析液,当透析液中的浓度,相当于血液中的浓,度时,水分和代谢,废物则不会再移动。,当你注入新鲜的,透析液,废物和,多余的水分又会,再度移动。,12,4,14至6小时之后,代谢废物及多余的水分然后你必须流出旧的透析,9,腹膜透析操作,腹膜透析操作,10,Indications for dialysis initiation,开始透析的指征,GFR,10-15 ml/min/1.73m,Uremic symptoms,Malnutrition,GFR,10-15 ml/min/1.73m,尿毒症症状,营养不良,有计划地开始透析对于患者非常重要,应尽量避免,“,急诊透析,”,!,Indications for dialysis initi,11,Indications for emergency dialysis initiation,急诊透析的指征,Pericarditis,Hyperkaliemia,Severe acidosis,Lung oedema,Intractable hypertension,Uremic coma,心包炎,高钾血症,严重酸中毒,肺水肿,难治性高血,压,尿毒症昏迷,Indications for emergen,12,Dialysis Process,透析替代作用,What Your Kidneys Do,肾脏功能,清除代谢产物,体液平衡,电解质平衡,酸碱平衡,产生激素,PTH,EPO,维生素,D,肾脏本身功能,XXXXXXXXXX,Dialysis Process,13,缺点,内环境波动大,血管通路,需要穿刺,感染机会,饮食限制,需要到透析中心治疗,费用高,Haemodialysis,血液透析,优点,有效清除代谢产物,专业人员实行操作,提供病人社会化,一周仅需治疗3次,家庭不需要购置设备,(除非家庭,HD,),缺点Haemodialysis 血液透析优点,14,优点,在家中自我管理,自主性更高,治疗计划可以更改,饮食限制较少,不需穿刺,减少机体应激,血压控制,费用降低,Peritoneal Dialysis,腹膜透析,缺点,每日透析,植入腹透管,体形改变,感染机会,体重可能增加,需要一定的储物空间,优点Peritoneal Dialysis 腹,15,Transplantation,移植,优点,与自己的肾脏功能相似,不需透析,不需要通路,正常饮食(钠),生活方式更接近正常,缺点,手术风险,排异反应,药物的副作用,抵抗力低下,体形改变,P,a,t,i,e,n,t,s,K,i,d,n,e,y,T,r,a,n,s,p,l,a,n,t,K,i,d,n,e,y,(,e,x,t,r,a,-,p,e,r,i,t,o,n,e,a,l,l,y,),B,l,a,d,d,e,r,病肾,移植肾,膀胱,Transplantation,16,Strong medical indication for PD,腹膜透析绝对适应症,Difficulties with vascular access,Left ventricular hypertrophy,Congestive heart failure,Prosthetic vascular disease,Intolerance of HD,Frequent episodes of hypotension,Headache and asthenia after HD session,Children,血管通路建立困难,左心室肥厚,充血性心衰,人造血管病变,不能耐受血液透析,经常出现低血压事件,血透后头痛和乏力,儿童,Strong medical indication for,17,PD preferred,适合,PD,Bleeding diathesis(no need of heparinization),Diabetes(status of vessels,insulin i.p.),Chronic infections(prevention of the nosocomial spread,hepatitis B,C,HIV),Future transplantation(improved initial graft function rate),Multiple myeloma(improves the chances of renal recovery,removes some light-chains proteins),出血倾向,(,不需要肝素化,),糖尿病,(,血管条件,腹腔内使用胰岛素,),慢性传染病,(,预防乙肝、丙肝及艾滋病的院内感染,),将来准备肾移植,(,改善术后移植物成功率,),多发性骨髓瘤,(,增加肾功能恢复机会,清除一些小的轻链蛋白,),PD preferred 适合PDBleeding d,18,PD and HD equally preferred,可以选择,PD,或,HD,Polycystic kidney disease,Scleroderma,other conective tissue diseases(,e.g.,SLE),Patients living in nursing homes,多囊肾疾病,硬皮病及其他结缔组织疾病(系统性红斑狼疮等),居住在护理院的患者,PD and HD equally preferred可,19,Theoretically not to choose PD initially,BUT,PD may be feasible with added adjustments,理论上不宜首选腹透治疗,但是进行某些改进后腹透也可以实行的情况,Large body size,Diverticulosis/diverticulitis,Severe backache,NIPD,Hernias,NIPD,Multiple abdominal surgery,Poor manual dexterity,Blindness,No compliance,体形较大,(,肠,),憩室病,/,憩室,炎,重度背痛,NIPD,疝气,NIPD,腹部多次手术史,操作不便,失明,依从性差,Theoretically not to choose,20,Psychosocial situations in which PD is more appropriate,更适合腹透的心理状态,PD preferred,Independent Life,Frequent travels,Tendency towards PD,Great need of independence by the patient,Need to maintain work,Distance to the HD center,独立生活,经常旅行,优先选腹透,倾向于腹透,患者有强烈独立生活的愿望,需要继续工作,远离血透中心,Psychosocial situations i,21,Empiric prescription,经验处方,3-5 exchanges of 2 L dialysis bag,Considering mainly fluid balance,2,升袋装透析液交换,3-5,次,注意保持大致液体平衡,Empiric prescription 经验,22,腹膜透析基础培训ppt课件,23,The weights at which the weekly Kt/Vurea equals the minimum target of 1.7,每周尿素,Kt/V,最少达到,1.7,的患者体重水平,Nolph Kd et al.Perit Dial Int 1994.14:261-264,The weights at which the weekl,24,Different PD catheters,不同 腹透管路,Straight 1 cuff,Straight 2 cuffs,Coiled Tenckhoff catheters,卷曲管,Coiled 1 cuff,Coiled 2 cuffs,Swan Neck Tenckhoff catheters,鹅颈管,Straight,Coiled,Downwards directed exit site,Permanent bend between 2 cuffs(180),Right or left,Swan Neck Missouri,鹅颈,Missouri,管,Straight,Coiled,Bead placed IP,Flange extraP,Straight Tenckhoff catheters,直管,Different PD catheters,25,PD Catheter implantation,腹透置管术,Peritoneal Catheter implantation must be performe
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