African Civilizations and the spread of Islam

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,African Civilizations and the spread of Islam,Chapter 8,Mali,This kingdom is an excellent example of the spread of Islam(old kingdom of Ghana)1200,Mansa Musa made the hajj in 1324,Rich from controlling caravan trade routes,Below the Sahara,Africa was never fully isolated.There were periods of intermittent contacts,800-1500 contacts increased due to a growing international trade network,Islam spread into Mali and was adopted by the royals.The civilization retained its individuality though,Africa never united,many different types of states,Africa,By 1000 CE most African migrations came to a halt.As this happen there began a focus on building societies.,As Bantu speaking peoples migrated they took agricultural techniques and iron metallurgy to new areas.These technologies allowed for population increases around Africa from about 3.5 million in 400 BCE to 22 million in 1000 to 30-60 million by 1500!,Population was also supported by the domestication of bananas(from SE Asia).Allowed for expansion into forested areas.Bananas came from SE Asia to Madagascar from Austronesian migrates.,African Societies,Africa so vast and diverse neither universal states or religions characterize it history,Stateless Societies:these are societies that organize authority around kinship or other obligations.Sometimes these stateless societies were quite large while others were small.No need to tax people if you dont have a large government.Authority only affected small parts of peoples lives.Males head of households in villages formed village council which decided public affairs for the entire village.Most important head of household presided over the village as chief.The chief would represent the village at larger district meetings(district-neighbor villages that were tied by ethnicity).,Secret societies:west Africa,group controlled customs and beliefs and were able to limit the authority of rulers.Maintained stability within the community.,Problems:outside pressure,mobilizing troops,organizing building projects,and long term stability to support trade,Africa,Rise of Chiefdoms:over time some stateless societies weakened in the light of the previous problems like population growth leading to conflict over resources.This conflict led to some villages under chiefs organizing a military force.This led to the development of more formalized governments in some areas of Africa.Powerful chiefs rose and consolidated their power over areas and overrode previous kinship networks to impose their will and authority.,Small kingdoms emerged in several regions of Africa by 1000CE,Common Elements in African Societies,Language(bantu speakers),thought,and religion,Animistic-belief in powerful natural forces(spirits and gods).Worship and reverence shown through dance,drums,sacrifice,and fortune telling.,Believed in evil witchcraft(disasters and illnesses might be caused by them).Priest/shamans needed to combat this evil,Belief in cosmology-view of how the universe worked(guided many African ethics),Believed in a creator deity and power of ancestors.Ancestors were original owners of land and through their veneration fertility flowed.,Importance of family or clan ties-which societies were organized around had importance in dealing with gods because ancestors provided the link between people and spirit world.,Economics:N.Africa(active in Mediterranean trade),Sub-Saharan Africa(varied),Economics,North Africa pulled into Mediterranean world(think Carthage to Egypt),Sub-Saharan Africa varied in economics from agriculture to iron work,Active regional and local trade-specialization fueled markets and cities,Both men and women active in economics,Often hereditary kinship groups(families)controlled trade and were professional merchants.,Arab merchants brought many places in Africa into international trade.,Trans-Saharan Trade,:there were small groups of nomads that lived here and had some limited trade.Once camels arrived from Arabia in the 7,th,century BCE trade became increasingly possible in Africa.Caravans took some 79 days to cross the desert and camels soon replaced horses.After Muslim expansion in north Africa this trade route became much more popular.,Gold Salt exchange gold,slaves,ivory from Sub-Saharan Africa traded for salt,cloth,manufactured goods,and horses,Maritime trade,:Indian Ocean trade connected East Africa to global economy.City-states established on East coast of Africa.,Islam,640-700 followers of Muhammad swept across N.Africa,670 Muslims ruled(Tunisia)Ifriqiya Roman name for Africa,Ifriqiya(eastern n.Africa)and Maghrib(western n.Africa),711 Muslim rule expanded into Spain known as,al-Andalus,.Most of the Iberian peninsula fell to these Muslim Berber conquerors from northern Africa in the 700s.The governors of al-Andalus were Umayyads who refused to recognized the Abbasid dynasty.They acted like caliphs and were independent