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Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,建筑学专业英语,Unit Four,UNIT FOUR CONSTRUCTION,To begin with,it is always,construction,that is the,basis of form,.,首先要明确的是,结构是形式的基础。,原始人使用本地材料建造圆形的茅屋:用树叶、稻草、芦苇、兽皮等包裹的石材,竹竿和编制藤蔓植物。,vaulting,类似的,爱斯基摩人,使用鲸鱼肋骨来做窗,使用海豹的肠子做类似于帐篷的房屋。冬日房屋则使用雪砖。,罗马人在一个圆形平面上建造的第一个石头穹顶(如:其最纯粹的形式:罗马万神庙),vaulting,在波斯的萨珊王朝(公元,6,世纪)在房形的平面上建造了他们的第一个穹顶;其转接通过方形和圆形之间的内角拱来过渡,罗马人首先使用砖石砌体来建造筒形穹顶,并且不久之后就出现在了罗马式建筑中。(例如希贝尼克教堂,南斯拉夫),vaulting,哥特式建筑由交叉拱顶发展而来,尖拱的使用产生了长方形的拱顶。(特征:扶壁和飞扶壁),在树木繁茂的国家的住宅,通常都有普遍的形式,这是由其建造性质决定的,Timber,在缺少木材的地区,建筑建造时采用木材做柱子;柱间有窗并且在窗腰的位置有支撑。,相反的,这个建筑框架拥有独立的窗和角柱;面板使用泥和粘土粉饰的编制工艺交错在一起。,Timber,面板结构采用大型预制墙板,这种施工方式快捷且廉价。,后期开始:框架的开口和转角均使用装饰过的石材;余下的墙面则使用砖石瓦砾来建造。,stone,在城市建筑中对于更大型窗的渴望导致出现一种类似于木柱建造方式的石柱结构(类似,10,)。,纤细的支柱使得钢框架结构有最为轻盈的外观。,Steel,Slender supports give steel-framed construction the lightest possible appearance.,However,this form is not permitted everywhere.Exterior unenclosed supports are rarely allowed.,然而,这种形式不是随处可用。外部开放的支撑很少采用,Steel,For many building types,building regulations require fire resistant or even fire proof construction and encased steel members consequently resemble reinforced concrete.,对于许多建筑类型,建筑法规要求防火,甚至防火结构和箱式钢结构,因此就有钢筋混凝土,Typical characteristics are,:,cantilevered floors on beams,梁上的悬臂楼板,tower cores,塔楼 核心筒,Shell Roofs,cupola with segments,有分段的圆屋顶,oblong shell,椭圆壳结构,在壳结构中,力被一致分布在所有方向。,In shell structures,forces are distributed uniformly in all directions.,Shell Roofs,rhythmically arranged transverse shells,横向节奏式排列的壳屋顶,rows of shells with inclined supports at neutral points,一排在中间点有斜向支撑的壳屋顶,Cable Structure,15.Modern reinforced concrete suspended diaphragms with rigid edge beams can create economical and impressive buildings.,现代钢筋混凝土悬浮膜拥有刚性的边梁,可以建造出经济的和令人印象深刻的建筑,16.and may be used as basis for cantilever constructions,也有可能用于悬臂结构的基座,
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