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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1,数学公式的读法,希腊字母的读法,希腊字母,希腊字母在现代已经超越了希腊民族的局限而成为了国际性的符号,(,自然科学的、社会科学的,),,尤其在土木工程,材料学、土力学、水力学及相应设计课程里作为科学符号多而杂,初学者很难对其读音和书写准确掌握,所以本文编辑了希腊字母有关历史和读音、书写,以便初学和自学者在掌握这些符号的基本读写后尽快能熟悉其在专业中的意义!,2,序号,大写,小写,英文注音,国际音标注音,中文读音,意义,1,alpha,a:lf,阿尔法,角度;系数,2,beta,bet,贝塔,磁通系数;角度;系数,3,gamma,ga:m,伽马,电导系数(小写),4,delta,delt,德尔塔,变动;密度;屈光度,5,epsilon,epsilon,伊普西龙,对数之基数,6,zeta,zat,截塔,系数;方位角;阻抗;相对粘度;原子序数,7,eta,eit,艾塔,磁滞系数;效率(小写),8,thet,it,西塔,温度;相位角,9,iot,aiot,约塔,微小,一点儿,10,kappa,kap,卡帕,介质常数,11,lambda,lambd,兰布达,波长(小写);体积,12,mu,mju,缪,磁导系数;微(千分之一);放大因数(小写),13,nu,nju,纽,磁阻系数,14,xi,ksi,克西,15,omicron,omikron,奥密克戎,16,pi,pai,派,圆周率,=,圆周,直径,=3.14159 26535 89793,17,rho,rou,肉,电阻系数(小写),18,sigma,sigma,西格马,总和(大写),表面密度;跨导(小写),19,tau,tau,套,时间常数,20,upsilon,jupsilon,宇普西龙,位移,21,phi,fai,佛爱,磁通;角,22,chi,phai,西,23,psi,psai,普西,角速;介质电通量(静电力线);角,24,omega,omiga,欧米伽,欧姆(大写);角速(小写);角,4,希腊字母的读法,1,、希腊字母的读法与写法,5,6,7,8,有关希腊语,希腊语是印欧语系独立的一支,作为古希腊文明的载体,作为文学、哲学、科学、宗教等众多领域使用的语言,它的灿烂光辉举世罕见。古希腊语是极少数至今仍然在世界范围内被学习和使用的古典语言之一。,“,希腊,”,的中文名字不是来自英语,Greece,,而是来自,Hellas,这个诗歌语汇。此举与希腊这个艺术的国度是多么相称啊!讲希腊语的民族在大约,4000,年前从巴尔干半岛来到希腊半岛及附近地区。他们的语言分化为,4,种方言,:,伊奥里亚、爱奥尼亚、阿卡迪亚,-,塞浦路斯和多利安方言。著名的荷马史诗,伊利亚特和奥德赛是大约公元前,9,世纪的作品,使用的是爱奥尼亚方言。由爱奥尼亚方言发展为雅典语,古希腊语的主要形式和共同语,Koine,的基础。圣经的旧约全书在公元前,3-,公元前,2,世纪译为,Koine,;新约全书则是直接用,Koine,写作的。信仰东正教的人们现在还在使用这种古典语言的圣经。,现在使用希腊语的国家包括希腊、塞浦路斯、意大利、阿尔巴尼亚、土耳其等,以希腊语为母语的人有,1500,多万。,9,有关希腊语,我们对希腊字母并不陌生,数学、物理、生物、天文学等学科都广泛使用希腊字母。读过初中的人对,“,阿尔法,”,、,“,贝塔,”,、,“,伽玛,”,早已耳熟能详。新约里,神说:,“,我是阿拉法,我是俄梅嘎。我是始,我是终。,”,在希腊字母表里,第一个字母是,“,阿尔法,”,(阿拉法),代表开始;最后一个字母是,“,欧美噶,”,(俄梅嘎),代表终了。这正是新约用希腊语写作的痕迹。罗马帝国时代,希腊语是继拉丁语之后的第二语言。它在教育领域的地位至今仍然在欧美国家的大学里延续。,希腊字母并不神秘,就像阿拉伯文、俄文字母一样,只是符号不同,标音的性质是一样的。阿拉伯文没有元音字母。希腊字母是世界上最早的有元音的字母。俄文、新蒙文等使用的基里尔字母和格鲁吉亚语字母都是由希腊字母发展而来,学过俄文的人使用希腊字母会觉得似曾相识。希腊字母进入了许多语言的词汇中,如,delta,(三角洲)这个国际语汇就来自希腊字母,,因为,是三角形。,希腊字母原来有,26,个,大约在荷马时代减少了,2,个,雅典人的字母本来没有,和,,是公元前,403,年增加的。那时定型的字母表一直使用到现在。全世界这么稳定而且悠久的文字是极少的。希腊文最早是从右向左横写,与阿拉伯文一致。之后有过向左与向右并存的情形,从右写到左,下一行有时不是从右端开始,而是从左端开始。玛雅铭文中这种行款很常见,甲骨文里也有这样的行款。最后,希腊文只使用从左到右一种行款,这是西方文字的书写习惯。,10,2,、数字的读法,1/2 a half,或,one half,1/4 a quarter(fourth),或,one quarter(fourth),1/1234 one over a thousand two hundred and,thirty-four,4/5 four fifths,或,four over five,113/300 one hundred and thirteen over three,hundred,11,two and seven over eight,或,two and seven eighths,o point one,或,zero point one,two point three five,four point nine recurring,three point nought three two six,two six recurring,12,20,o,twenty degrees,6 six minutes;six feet,10”ten seconds;ten inches,2%two percent,5,five per mille,13,3.,符号与表达式的读法,a,b a plus b;(positive),a,b a minus b;(negative),ab a plus or minus b,ab a multiplied by b;(times),ab a divided by b;,a:b the ratio of a to b,14,a=b a is equal to b;a equals b,ab a is not equal to b;a is not b,a,b a is greater than b,a,b a is less than b,ab a is greater than or equal to b,ab a is less than or equal to b,ab a is identically equal to b;a is of,identity to b,15,a is approximately equal to b,a is congruent to b,a to the power p,square root of a,cube root of a,n th root of a,the absolute value of a,factorial n,16,exponential function(to the base e)of x,logarithm to the base a of x,the integral part of x,real part of z,imaginary part of z,modulus of z,argument of z,conjugate of z,17,function f of x,y is a function of x,increment of x;delta x,total differential of the function f,derivative of the function f with,respect to x,value at a of the derivative of the,function f,18,n th derivative of the function f with respect to x,partial derivative of the function f with respect to x,where f is a function of x and another variable(or variables),an indefinite integral of the function f,definite integral of the function f from a to b,x approaches the limit a,19,b prime,b double prime,b triple prime,b sub m,x dot,x two dots,20,because;since,therefore,for all;for every,there is a;there exists,round brackets;parentheses,square brackets,braces,21,p implies q,p is equivalent to q;p if and only if q,x is(not)a member of the set X,set A is(not)contained in set X,union of sets X and Y,intersection of sets X and Y,differences of sets X and Y,22,练习,65=30,Six times five equals thirty;,Six multiplied by five is equal to thirty;,Six multiplied by five makes/make thirty,23,v equals s divided by t;,v is s over t,24,12,7+3,twelve is greater than seven plus three,25,5,2,=25,The second power of 5 is 25;,5 square is 25;,The square of 5 is 25;,5 to the second power is equal to 25,26,The square root of 4 is/equals plus or minus 2,27,a plus b minus c multiplied by d,all,divided by e equals f,28,456723=198,余,13,Twenty-three into four thousand five hundred and sixty-seven goes one hundred and ninety-eight times,and thirteen remainder.,
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