工商管理专业英语unit1 The Evolution of Management as a Field of Study

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Business School of Nnankai University,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Business School of Nnankai University,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Business School of Nnankai University,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Business School of Nnankai University,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Business School of Nnankai University,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Business School of Nnankai University,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Business School of Nnankai University,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Business School of Nnankai University,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Business School of Nnankai University,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Business School of Nnankai University,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Business School of Nnankai University,*,Unit One,The Evolution of Management as a Field of Study,Glossary,evolution:n.The process of developing.开展,generalize:v.To infer from many particulars.概括.,autobiography:n.The biography of a person written by that person.自传,memoir:n.An account of the personal experiences of an author.自传,extreme:n.Being in or attaining the greatest or highest degree;very intense:极度的,anthropology:n.The scientific study of the origin,the behavior,and the physical,social,and cultural development of human beings.人类学,anthropologist:n.someone who studies Anthropology人类学家,perspective:n.Subjective evaluation of relative significance;a point of view:观点,approach:,n.The method used in dealing with or accomplishing,方法,contingency:,n.A possibility that must be prepared for;a future emergency.,变化的情况,confrontation,：,n.Discord or a clash of opinions and ideas:,不和观点或思想的不和或冲撞：,compromise:,v.Something,that combines qualities,or elements of different things:,折衷,turnover,:n.The number of workers hired by an establishment to replace those who have left in a given period of time.,人员更替数,dynamic,:adj.Characterized by continuous change,activity,or progress:,不断变化的,incur,:v.To acquire or come into(something usually undesirable);sustain:,获得,interdependent,:adj.Mutually dependent:,互相依存的,Glossary,Glossary,popularity,:,n,.,The quality or state of being popular,especially the state of being widely admired,accepted,or sought after.,普及,sole,:,adj,.,Of,or relating to only one individual or group;exclusive:,单独的,.,reliance,:,n,.,The,act of relying or the state of being reliant.,依赖依靠,sufficient,:,adj.,Being as much as is needed.,充足的,characteristic,:,n,.,A feature that helps to identify,tell apart,or describe recognizably;a distinguishing mark or trait.,特性,alliance,:,n,.,The act of becoming allied or the condition of being allied:,结盟,demographic,:,n.,Of or relating to demography.,人口统计,complement,:,v.,To serve as a complement to:,补足,Business School of Nnankai University,Key Terms and Concepts,Classical Approach(to Management),also call classical school 管理学古典(研究)方法.A body of literature that represents the earliest attempts to define and describe the field of management.The approachs main focus is on formally prescribed relationships.Its primary means for acquiring knowledge are personal observation and case studies.,Behavioral Approach(to Management),also called behavioral school to management,管理学行为研究方法 here it refers to a body of literature characterized by its concern for human behavior in the work environment.The schools primary means for acquiring knowledge is scientific method,with emphasis on research.Chronologically,the behavioral approach to management thought followed the classical approach.Its first phase was identified with human relations theory,popular in the 1940s and early 1950s.Its second phase was the behavioral science approach,which came into popular use in the early 1950s.,Management Science Approach:,Also known as Management Science School 管理学科学研究方法.A body of literature characterized by its use if mathematical and statistic techniques to build models for the solution of production and operations problems.The approachs primary means for acquiring knowledge is mathematical deduction.,Contingency or Situational Approach(to Management):,管理学权变研究方法：An analysis of management that emphasizes the fact that what managers do in practice depends on upon a given set of circumstances or the“situation and that there is no single“best way to manage.,Key Terms and Concepts,Text,The modern era of management began early in,the 20th century when classical theorists,economists,and industrial engineers offered a,classical approach to increase the productivity of,individuals and organizations.Both organizational,growth and its increasing influence on our,economy and standard of living are relatively,recent in history;thus the study of management is,relatively new.Many of the first individuals to study,and write about management were practicing,managers.They described their own experiences,and tried to,generalize,the principles they,believed could be applied in similar situations.,Ev