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,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,*,Chapter 18,Entropy,Free Energy,and Equilibrium,Chemistry English,100-2 Semester,Chapter 18Entropy,Free Energ,18.1 The Three Law of Thermodynamics,熱力學的三個定律,Thermodynamics,Law of Thermodynamics,Enthalpy(,D,H),熱力學,熱力學定義,焓,Vocabulary and Phrase,字與詞,18.1 The Three Law of Thermody,18.1 The Three Law of Thermodynamics,熱力學的三個定律,Definition and Reading,定義與例句閱讀,The first law of thermodynamics:,Energy can be converted from one form to another,but it cannot be created or destroyed.,Convert,Create,Destroy,轉換,創造,毀滅,中譯,:,熱力學第一定律,:,能量可已由一種形式轉換為另一種形式,但不能被創造或毀滅。,18.1 The Three Law of Thermody,18.1 The Three Law of Thermodynamics,熱力學的三個定律,Definition and Reading,定義與例句閱讀,One measure of changes in energy is the amount of heat given off or absorbed by a system during a constant-pressure process,which chemists define as change in,enthalpy,.,Give off,Absorb,散發,吸收,中譯,:,能量改變得一種計量方式是定壓程序中系統所發散或吸收的熱量也就是化學家所定義的焓的變化量。,18.1 The Three Law of Thermody,18.2 Spontaneous Process,自發程序,Spontaneous,Non-spontaneous,Spontaneous reaction,自發的,非自發的,自發的反應,Vocabulary and Phrase,字與詞,18.2 Spontaneous Process 自發程序S,18.2 Spontaneous Process,自發程序,Definition and Reading,定義與例句閱讀,A reaction that does occur under a given set of conditions is called a,spontaneous reaction,.,中譯,:,一個反應自一組特定條件下能發生即稱之為自發反應。,If a reaction that does not occur under specified conditions,it is said to be non-spontaneous.,中譯,:,Self-test,自我測試,18.2 Spontaneous Process 自發程序D,Spontaneous process,Spontaneous,process,Nonspontaneous,process,Spontaneous processSpontaneous,18.3 Entropy,火,商,Entropy(S),Change in entropy(,D,S),Microstate(S=,k,lnW),Standard entropy,火,商,火,商,的變化量,微狀態,標準,火,商,Vocabulary and Phrase,字與詞,18.3 Entropy 火商Entropy(S)火商Vo,18.3 Entropy,火,商,Definition and Reading,定義與例句閱讀,Entropy,is often described as a measure of how spread out or dispersed the energy of a system is among the different possible ways that system can contain energy.,中譯,:,火商通常被描述為一個系統。,18.3 Entropy 火商Definition and,18.3 Entropy,火,商,The greater the dispersal,the greater the entropy.,中譯,:,Self-test,自我測試,The greater the number of microstates,the greater is the entropy.,中譯,:,18.3 Entropy 火商The greater the,18.3 Entropy,火,商,Definition and Reading,定義與例句閱讀,Like enthalpy,entropy is a,state function,.,中譯,:,如同焓一樣,火商 是一個,狀態函數,。,18.3 Entropy 火商Definition and,18.3 Entropy,火,商,Definition and Reading,定義與例句閱讀,A system with fewer microstates(smaller W)among which to spread its energy(small dispersal)has a lower entropy.,中譯,:,一個系統中能量能散佈的微狀態比較少時,(W,小,散佈小,),該系統的,火商,值也較小。,A system with more microstate(larger W)among which to spread its energy(large dispersal)has a higher entropy.,中譯,:,Self-test,自我測試,18.3 Entropy 火商Definition and,18.3 Entropy,火,商,Definition and Reading,定義與例句閱讀,Standard entropy is the absolute entropy of a substance at 1 atm and 25,.,中譯,:,標準火商 是物質在,1,大氣壓下,25,時的絕對,火商,。,The units of entropy are J/K or J/K mol for 1 mole of the substance.,We use joules rather than kilojoules because entropy values are typically quite small.,中譯,:,火商 的單位是,(,焦耳,/K),或是 對一莫耳的物質而言是,(,焦耳,/,K mole),中譯,:,我們使用焦耳而非千焦是因為火商 的數值通常相當的小。,18.3 Entropy 火商Definition and,Melting,Vaporization,Dissolving,Heating,S,liquid,S,solid,S,vapor,S,liquid,S,solution,S,solute,+S,solvent,MeltingSliquid SsolidSvapor,18.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics,熱力學第二定律,Entropy change in the system,(,D,S,sys,),Standard entropy of reaction,Entropy change in the surrounding(,D,S,surr,),The change in entropy of the universe(,D,S,univ,=,D,S,sys,+,D,S,surr,),The third law of thermodynamics,Absolute entropy,Vocabulary and Phrase,字與詞,系統火商 變化量,標準反應火商,環境火商 變化量,火商 值總變化量,熱力學第三定律,絕對火商 值,18.4 The Second Law of Thermod,18.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics,熱力學第二定律,Definition and Reading,定義與例句閱讀,The second law of thermodynamics,:,The entropy of universe increases in a spontaneous process and remains unchanged in an equilibrium process.,中譯,:,熱力學第二定律,:,宇宙的火商在自發程序中是增加的而在平衡中是保持不變的。,18.4 The Second Law of Thermod,18.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics,熱力學第二定律,Definition and Reading,定義與例句閱讀,For a spontaneous process,For an equilibrium process,18.4 The Second Law of Thermod,18.3 Entropy,火,商,Definition and Reading,定義與例句閱讀,Standard entropy,of reaction,is given by the difference in standard entropies between products and reactants.,中譯,:,反應火商是產物與反應物標準火商值的差。,18.3 Entropy 火商Definition and,Entropy in the Surroundings,An exothermic process transfers heat from the system to the surroundings and results in an increase in the entropy of the surrounding.,An endothermic process absorbs heat from the surroundings and thereby decrease the entropy of the surrounding.,Entropy in the SurroundingsAn,18.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics,熱力學第二定律,Definition and Reading,定義與例句閱讀,If the change in entropy,D,S,univ,is positive,we predict the reaction is spontaneous at that temperature.,中譯,:,當總火商值,(,D,S,univ,),的變化量為正值,我們可預測在該溫度下反應是自發的。,18.4 The Second Law of Thermod,18.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics,熱力學第二定律,Definition and Reading,定義與例句閱讀,The third law of
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