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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,有机化合物光谱解析,Spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry,Dudley H.williamas,MA,PhD,ScD,FRS,(,Fifth edition),参考书,:,有机化合物光谱鉴定 唐恢同 著,北京大学出版社,1992,有机光谱分析 张正行 著,人民卫生出版社,1995,有机化合物波谱解析 姚新生 主编,中国医药科技出版社,1997,有机化合物结构鉴定与有机波谱学,宁永成 编著,科学出版社,2000,课时分配:,内容(章)授课(学时)实验(学时)习题(学时),1.,UVVis 4 3 3,2.IR 3 3 3,3.NMR 13 3 3,4.MS 6 3 3,5.,综合分析 4,总计 30 12 12,作业:翻译前言,第一章,紫外可见光谱法,(,Ultraviolet and Visible sperctra),1.1 引论(,Introduction),定义:,紫外可见光谱,是由分子中电子能级跃迁产生的,也叫,电子光谱,1.2 电子激发能量,(,The energy of electronic excitation),1.3 光的吸收定律,(,The absorption laws),1.,4,光谱的绘制,(,measurement of spectrum),1,)样品溶液,2,)吸收池,3,)光源,4,)表示方式,1.,6,溶剂的选择,(,choice of solvent),1.,7,选则定则和吸收强度,(,Selection rules),1.,8,发色团(,Chromophores),P:,跃迁概率,a:,吸收系统(发色团)的靶面积,定义:分子中能吸收光的那部分电子系统。,1.,9,溶剂效应,定义:红移-最大吸收波长向长波长方向移动,蓝移-最大吸收波长向短波长方向移动,1.,10,发色团的查找(,Searching for a chromophore),200-800nm,无吸收 饱和有机化合物,200-250nm,强吸收(,10000),共轭双烯、,不饱和醛、酮、酸、酯 250-350,nm,中等强吸收(,=200-1000),芳香环270-350,nm,弱吸收(,10-200),醛、酮,有色化合物 数个发色团共轭,1.,12,定义,(Definitions),红移或长移(,red shift or bathochromic effect),兰移或短移,(blue shift or hypsochromic effect,增色效应,(hyperchromic effect),减色效应,(hypochromic effect),助色团,(auxochrome),取代基,substituent,等消光点,(Isobestic point),1.,13,共轭二稀类(,Conjugated dienes),C=C C=C,R3,R4,R1,R2,例题 1,214,nm(,母体值),15 nm(,环残基),234,nm,实测值:335,nm,+),5,nm(,环外双键),例题 2,253,nm(,母体值),15,nm(,环残基),+)5,nm(,环外双键),273,nm,实测值:275,nm,例题 3,253,nm,(,母体值),25,nm,(,环残基),15,nm,(,环外双键),+)60,nm,(,延长双键),353,nm,实测值,:353,nm,1.,14,多烯类(,Polyenes),1.一般规律,一些简单共轭多烯与更简单共轭多烯的光谱比较,不仅最大吸收波长红移,强度增大,而且吸收带增多。,2.构型异构对光谱的影响,在长链多烯中,反式构型 顺式构型,max,1.,15,多烯炔类和多炔类(,Polyeneynes and poly-ynes),共轭系统增长,吸收光谱红移,波长大的吸收变强,(,Ketones and aldehydes),Table1.6,Rules for -unsaturated ketone and,aldehyde absorpion.,values are usually above 10000 and increase with the length of the conjugated system,Value assigned to parent -unsaturated,six-ring or acyclic ketone 215nm,Value assigned to parent -unsaturated,five-ring ketone 202nm,Value assigned to parent -unsaturated,207,nm,Increments for,(,a)a double bond extending the conjugation,230nm,(,b)each alkyl group or ring residue,10nm,12,nm,and higher 18nm,(,c)auxochromes,(,i)OH 35nm,30,nm,50,nm,(,ii)OAc 6nm,(,iii)OMe 35nm,30,nm,17,nm,31,nm,(,iv)SAIk 85nm,(,v)Cl 15nm,12,nm,(,vi)Br 25nm,30,nm,(,vii)NR,2,95nm,(,d)the exocyclic nature of any double bond 5nm,(,e)homodiene component 39nm,Total,For in other solvents a solvent correction(Table1.7)must be subtracted from the above value.,(,Reprinted with permission from ,Interpretation of Ultra-violet spectrd of Natural Products,Pergamon Press,Oxford,1964),例题 1,215,nm,(,母体值),12,nm,(,位取代),18,nm,(,位取代),60,nm,(,延长双键),39,nm,(,同环双稀),+),5,nm,(,环外双键),349,nm,例题,2,215,nm,(,母体值),30,nm,(,延长双键),5,nm,(,环外双键),12,nm,(,位取代),+),18,nm,(,位取代),280,nm,例题,3,215,nm,(,母体值),5,nm,(,环外双键),+)24,nm,(2,个,位取代),244,nm,例题,4,215,nm,(,母体值),10,nm,(,位取代),12,nm,(,位取代),18,nm,(,位取代),30,nm,(,延长双键),+)39,nm,(,同环双稀),324,nm,1.,19,苯环,(,The benzene ring),三个吸收带,184,nm (60000),E,带,203.5,nm(7400),K,带,254,nm(204),B,带,1)取代苯,K,带和,B,带移动,C,6,H,6,K,带 203.5,nm B,带 254,nm,C,6,H,6,COOH K,带 230,nm B,带 273,nm,C6H6-C=C-COOH K,带和,B,带都是273,nm,2),取代苯的吸收,a.,二取代,p,b.,二取代,o,m,1.,20,取代苯,(,Substituted benzene rings),3),Table1.11,Rules for the principal band aubstituted benzene derivatives,R C,5,H,4,COX,nm,Parent chromophore,:,X alkyl or ring residue 246,X H 250,X OH or Oalkyl 230,Instement for each substituent,R alkyl or ring residue,o,m,3,p,10,R OH,Ome,Oalkyl,0,m,7,p,25,Orientation,R ,o,11,m,20,p,78,R Cl,o,m,0,R Br,o,m,2,R NH,2,o,m,13,R NHAc,o,m,20,R NHMe,p,73,R NMe,2,o,m,20,p,10,p,15,p,58,p,45,p,85,(,Reprinted with permission from A.I.Scott,Interetation of the,Ultraviolet Spectra of Natural prochucts,Pergamon Press,Oxford,1964),246,nm(,母体值,),3,nm(,邻位取代,),+)25,nm(,对位取代,),274,nm,例题,1,230,nm(,母体值,),+)58,nm(,对位取代,),例题,2,288,nm,246,nm(,母体值,),+)7,nm(,邻位取代,),253,nm,例题,3,
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