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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Chapter4,Fromwordtotext,语言学教学实习PPT之二,Chapter4语言学教学实习PPT之二,1,1,Syntactic Relations,contents,2,Grammatical Construction and Its Constituents,3,Syntactic Function,4,Category,Phrase,Clause and Sentence,5,Recursiveness,6,Beyond the Sentence,7,1 Syntactic Relationsconten,2,1,The notion of,Syntax,A Greek word:,syn,co-,together,tax,sequence,order,arrangement,SYNTAX,is the study of how,sentences,are structured or how words are combined with others to form sentences and in what order.Syntax attempts to systematize,descriptive grammar,and is unconcerned with,prescriptive,grammar.,Lead-In,1The notion of SyntaxLead-In,3,1,S,yntactic Relations,Syntactic relations,can be analyzed into three kinds:,positional relations,relations of substitutability,relations of co-occurrence,1Syntactic Relations,4,1,Syntagmatic/horizontal/chain/,positional relation,B.Paradigmatic/vertical/choice/,substitutability relation,C.,Relation of co-occurence,the sequential arrangement of words in a language,also called word order.,classes or sets of words or word groups substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.,partly belongs to syntagmatic relations,partly to paradigmatic relations.It means that,words of different sets or classes may permit,or require,the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence,1 Syntagmatic/horizontal/,5,2,S,YNTACTIC FORMS,Key terms:,Constituents,Grammatical Construction,Immediate Constituents,(IC),IC analysis and its main function:,disambiguity,Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions,Coordination and subordination,2SYNTACTIC FORMS,6,2,Construction,It refers to any,syntactic construct,which is assigned one or more conventional,functions,in a language,together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the,meaning,or use the construct contains.It can be further divided into the,external,and,internal,properties.,The,external,properties of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole,which can be classified into,discoursal,type,clausal,type,phrasal,type.,The,internal,properties of a construction is a description of the construction,s make-up,the internal structure of the construction,with the terms such,as subject,predicate,object,determiner,noun,etc,2Construction,7,2,CONSTITUENT,Constituent,is a term used in structural sentence analysis for,every linguistic unit,which is part of a,larger,linguistic unit.,Several constituents together form a construction.e.g.,The boy ate the apple.S(A),P(B)P(C),IC of A,2CONSTITUENTIC of A,8,I,mmediate,C,onstituent,If two constituents,B and C,are joined to form a hierarchically higher constituent A,then B and C are said to be,immediate,constituents,of A.,2,Construction?,external/internal properties?,Constituents?,Immediate Constituents,?,E.g.The man fell on the ground.,Immediate Constituent 2Constr,9,2,Immediate Constituent Analysis,(IC Analysis),A model of sentence analysis developed by American structualists.It is to analyze a linguistic construction or expression into a hierarchical series of constituents.The result of analysis can be presented by a,tree diagram,bracketing,or a box diagram,(Money)(grows)(on(trees),2Immediate Constituent Analysi,10,2,IC,Analysis,-,Tree Diagram,2IC Analysis,11,2,Function,of IC analysis,IC analysis can,disambiguate,constructions which are ambiguous,Ambiguity,I saw that gas can explode,.,(I)(saw)(that(,gas,)(,can,explode).,(I)(saw)(,that gas can,)(explode).,2Function of IC analysis,12,2,Endocentric,and,Exocentric,Constructions,Endocentric construction:,one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents.i.e.,a word or a group of words.,This word or this group of words serves as a definable,center,or,head,.,e.g.,this pretty,girl,.,Exocentric Construction,just the opposite of endocentric construction.It refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole,that is,there is no definable,Center,or,H,ead,inside the group.,Exocentric construction usually includes,basic sentence,prepositional,phrase,predicate,(verb+object),construction,and,connective,(be+complement),construction,.,e.g.,The boy smiled.,In this construction,no constituent can substitute for the sentence structure as a whole,2Endocentric and Exocentric Co,13,2,Coordination and Subordination,Endocentric,constructions fall into two main types,coordination,subordination,depending on the relation between constituents,2Coordination and Subordinatio,14,2,COORDINATION,A,common,syntactic pattern in English and other languages.,It is formed by grouping together two or more categories of the,same,type,with the help of a,conjunction,such as,and,but,or,or,.,All the categories have,equivalent,syntactic,status,and each of the separate constituents can,stand for the original construction functionally,.,e.g.,the lady o
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